Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-epigenetic regulation in unipolar and bipolar affective disorder.

BACKGROUND Alterations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) DNA methylation at specific BDNF promoters and corresponding gene expressions are associated with pathology and the response to antidepressant (AD) therapy in affective disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD). METHODS Genomic DNA was derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and was bisulfite converted. Percentage of methylated reference (PMR) was calculated based on results from quantitative real-time PCR following the MethyLight protocol. For statistical analysis parametric procedures were performed as appropriate. RESULTS In this study 544 subjects were included, 207 MDD subjects, 59 BD subjects and 278 control subjects. The BDNF exon I promoter methylation resulted to be significantly increased in MDD subjects compared to BD subjects (p=0.0089) and control subjects (p<0.001). Furthermore, the increase of methylation in MDD subjects was significantly associated with AD therapy (p=0.0019) but not to the clinical features of depression such as the severity of symptoms (p=n.s.). None of the 12 investigated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) showed significant genotype-methylation interactions. LIMITATIONS Although based on previous findings, the DNA methylation was evaluated within only one CpG island of the different alternative BDNF gene transcripts. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the methylation status might not only be affected by the disease phenotype but might also be further influenced by pharmacological treatment, therefore harbouring the possibility of identifying new insights for treatment options.