Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy.

PURPOSE After the pioneering period when only few teams were performing the procedure, the laparoscopic approach to radical prostatectomy has become widespread with several technical variations. A comprehensive review of the published literature on laparoscopic radical prostatectomy was performed to determine the current state of the art of this surgical innovation in terms of perioperative parameters, functional results and cancer control. MATERIALS AND METHODS English language, peer reviewed articles published before June 2004 concerning laparoscopic radical prostatectomy were found by MEDLINE query. All articles were analyzed and none were a priori excluded. Conclusions were drawn from series of 50 or more patients. RESULTS Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy is being performed at multiple centers worldwide using various surgical approaches and technologies. Analysis of perioperative parameters, including surgical blood loss, operative time, complications and convalescence, demonstrated low morbidity and showed a clear trend toward improvement with increased experience. The reported positive surgical margin rates were lower in more recent series. As measured by prostate specific antigen recurrence and disease-free intervals, oncological results and cancer control rates are difficult to ascertain in the immature series published to date. Functional results in terms of postoperative urinary and sexual function appear encouraging. CONCLUSIONS Overall the current operative, oncological and functional results of laparoscopic radical prostatectomy appear to approximate those of open radical retropubic prostatectomy. These results justify the considerable interest of the urological community in laparoscopy, as evidenced by its widespread application. Nevertheless, longer followup and more mature data are needed definitively to establish laparoscopic radical prostatectomy as an alternative to the retropubic approach.

[1]  H. Reich.  Laparoscopic bowel injury. , 1992, Surgical laparoscopy & endoscopy.

[2]  C. Brendler,et al.  Surgical modifications of radical retropubic prostatectomy to decrease incidence of positive surgical margins. , 1998, The Journal of urology.

[3]  T. Stamey,et al.  Modified Extrafascial Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy Technique Decreases Frequency of Positive Surgical Margins in T2 Cancers <2 cm3 , 2000, European Urology.

[4]  C. Abbou,et al.  A simplified 5-step model for training laparoscopic urethrovesical anastomosis. , 2003, The Journal of urology.

[5]  J. Binder,et al.  Robotically‐assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy , 2001, BJU international.

[6]  A. Hoznek,et al.  Prospective patient-reported continence after laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. , 2001, Urology.

[7]  Ashutosh Tewari,et al.  Technique of da Vinci robot-assisted anatomic radical prostatectomy. , 2002, Urology.

[8]  Ashutosh Tewari,et al.  Vattikuti Institute prostatectomy: technique. , 2003, The Journal of urology.

[9]  T. Stamey,et al.  Capsular Penetration in Prostate Cancer. Significance for Natural History and Treatment , 1990, The American journal of surgical pathology.

[10]  X. Cathelineau,et al.  Transperitoneal or extraperitoneal approach for laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: a false debate over a real challenge. , 2004, The Journal of urology.

[11]  P. Scardino,et al.  Interposition of sural nerve restores function of cavernous nerves resected during radical prostatectomy. , 1999, The Journal of urology.

[12]  H. Miyake,et al.  Comparison of quality of life following laparoscopic and open prostatectomy for prostate cancer. , 2003, The Journal of urology.

[13]  Georg Bartsch,et al.  Current status of robotics in urologic laparoscopy. , 2003, European urology.

[14]  P. Scardino,et al.  Rationale for and results of nerve grafting during radical prostatectomy. , 2001, Urology.

[15]  B. Guillonneau,et al.  Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: Initial experience and preliminary assessment after 65 operations , 1999, The Prostate.

[16]  P. Walsh,et al.  Impact of anatomical radical prostatectomy on urinary continence. , 1991, The Journal of urology.

[17]  Ashutosh Tewari,et al.  Laparoscopic and robot assisted radical prostatectomy: establishment of a structured program and preliminary analysis of outcomes. , 2002, The Journal of urology.

[18]  B. Guillonneau.  What robotics in urology? A current point of view. , 2003, European urology.

[19]  I. Hara,et al.  Japanese experience with radical prostatectomy , 2002, Current urology reports.

[20]  S. Loening,et al.  Positive margins after laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: a prospective study of 100 cases performed by 4 different surgeons. , 2003, European urology.

[21]  C. Eden,et al.  Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: the initial UK series , 2002, BJU international.

[22]  G. Andriole.  Radical Prostatectomy for Prostate Cancer , 1994 .

[23]  M. Kattan,et al.  Prognostic significance of positive surgical margins in radical prostatectomy specimens. , 1995, The Journal of urology.

[24]  L R Kavoussi,et al.  Laparoscopic bowel injury: incidence and clinical presentation. , 1999, The Journal of urology.

[25]  B. Guillonneau,et al.  Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: assessment after 240 procedures. , 2001, The Urologic clinics of North America.

[26]  C. Abbou,et al.  Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: preliminary results. , 2000, Urology.

[27]  R. Rabenalt,et al.  Endoscopic extraperitoneal radical prostatectomy: initial experience after 70 procedures. , 2003, The Journal of urology.

[28]  H. Miyake,et al.  Feasibility and usefulness of laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: Kobe University experience , 2002, International journal of urology : official journal of the Japanese Urological Association.

[29]  M. Kattan,et al.  Risk factors for urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy. , 1996, The Journal of urology.

[30]  D. Litwin,et al.  Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: initial 70 cases at a U.S. university medical center. , 2002, Urology.

[31]  P. Carroll,et al.  Impact of positive surgical margins on prostate cancer recurrence and the use of secondary cancer treatment: data from the CaPSURE database. , 2000, The Journal of urology.

[32]  J. Epstein,et al.  Evaluation of Radical Prostatectomy Specimens: A Comparative Analysis of Sampling Methods , 1992, The American journal of surgical pathology.

[33]  S. Loening,et al.  Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy , 2001, European Urology.

[34]  W. Catalona,et al.  5-year tumor recurrence rates after anatomical radical retropubic prostatectomy for prostate cancer. , 1994, The Journal of urology.

[35]  B. Guillonneau,et al.  Laparoscopic Management Of Rectal Injury During Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy , 2003 .

[36]  C. Abbou,et al.  Operative management of rectal injuries during laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. , 2003, Urology.

[37]  Guy Vallancien,et al.  Robotically Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy: Feasibility Study in Men , 2001, European Urology.

[38]  B. Guillonneau,et al.  Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: the Montsouris experience. , 2000, The Journal of urology.

[39]  T. Ahlering,et al.  Successful transfer of open surgical skills to a laparoscopic environment using a robotic interface: initial experience with laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. , 2003, The Journal of urology.

[40]  B. Guillonneau,et al.  [Update of the morbidity of radical retropubic prostatectomy: retrospective analysis of 100 consecutive operations during the period 1996-1997]. , 1999, Progres en urologie : journal de l'Association francaise d'urologie et de la Societe francaise d'urologie.

[41]  Galina Pizov,et al.  Correlation of pathologic findings with progression after radical retropubic prostatectomy , 1993, Cancer.

[42]  J. Oesterling,et al.  Long-term (15 years) results after radical prostatectomy for clinically localized (stage T2c or lower) prostate cancer. , 1994, The Journal of urology.

[43]  J. Rassweiler,et al.  Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy with the Heilbronn technique: an analysis of the first 180 cases. , 2001, The Journal of urology.

[44]  Adrian Lobontiu,et al.  Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: description of the extraperitoneal approach using the da Vinci robotic system. , 2003, The Journal of urology.

[45]  Guy Vallancien,et al.  Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy: Technical and Early Oncological Assessment of 40 Operations , 1999, European Urology.

[46]  D. Paulson.  Impact of radical prostatectomy in the management of clinically localized disease. , 1994, The Journal of urology.

[47]  J. Stolzenburg,et al.  The endoscopic extraperitoneal radical prostatectomy (EERPE): technique and initial experience , 2002, World Journal of Urology.

[48]  B. Guillonneau,et al.  Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. preliminary pathologic evaluation. , 2002, Urology.

[49]  M. Soloway,et al.  Incidence, etiology, location, prevention and treatment of positive surgical margins after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. , 1998, The Journal of urology.

[50]  J. Oesterling,et al.  Radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer: long-term results of 1,143 patients from a single institution. , 1994, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[51]  G. Ferzli,et al.  Initial experience with extraperitoneal endoscopic radical retropubic prostatectomy. , 1997, Urology.

[52]  H. Levin,et al.  External beam radiotherapy versus radical prostatectomy for clinical stage T1-2 prostate cancer: therapeutic implications of stratification by pretreatment PSA levels and biopsy Gleason scores. , 1997, The cancer journal from Scientific American.

[53]  A. Partin,et al.  Prostate-specific antigen after anatomic radical retropubic prostatectomy. Patterns of recurrence and cancer control. , 1997, The Urologic clinics of North America.

[54]  B. Guillonneau,et al.  Perioperative complications of laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: the Montsouris 3-year experience. , 2002, The Journal of urology.

[55]  Victor Reuter,et al.  Variations among individual surgeons in the rate of positive surgical margins in radical prostatectomy specimens. , 2003, The Journal of urology.

[56]  Michael W Kattan,et al.  Cancer control with radical prostatectomy alone in 1,000 consecutive patients. , 2002, The Journal of urology.

[57]  C. Abbou,et al.  Assessment of surgical technique and perioperative morbidity associated with extraperitoneal versus transperitoneal laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. , 2003, Urology.

[58]  C. Abbou,et al.  Early removal of the catheter after laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. , 2001, The Journal of urology.

[59]  B. Guillonneau,et al.  Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: assessment after 550 procedures. , 2002, Critical reviews in oncology/hematology.

[60]  R. B. Smith,et al.  The incidence and significance of detectable levels of serum prostate specific antigen after radical prostatectomy. , 1994, The Journal of urology.

[61]  C. Abbou,et al.  Urinary continence and erectile function: a prospective evaluation of functional results after radical laparoscopic prostatectomy. , 2002, European urology.

[62]  P. Schellhammer,et al.  Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: decreasing the learning curve using a mentor initiated approach. , 2003, The Journal of urology.

[63]  David J. Grignon,et al.  The Prostatic Capsule: Does It Exist? Its Importance in the Staging and Treatment of Prostatic Carcinoma , 1989, The American journal of surgical pathology.

[64]  A. Zlotta,et al.  Extraperitoneal laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Results after 50 cases. , 2001, European urology.

[65]  C. Abbou,et al.  Radical retropubic versus laparoscopic prostatectomy: a prospective comparison of functional outcome. , 2003, Urology.

[66]  S. Bhayani,et al.  Prospective comparison of short-term convalescence: laparoscopic radical prostatectomy versus open radical retropubic prostatectomy. , 2003, Urology.

[67]  S. Loening,et al.  Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy--an analysis of factors affecting operating time. , 2003, Urology.

[68]  C. Abbou,et al.  Positive surgical margins in laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: the impact of apical dissection, bladder neck remodeling and nerve preservation. , 2003, The Journal of urology.

[69]  T. Stamey,et al.  Incontinence and vesical neck strictures following radical retropubic prostatectomy. , 1995, Urology.

[70]  P. Plante,et al.  Impact of a modified apical dissection during radical retropubic prostatectomy on the occurrence of positive surgical margins: a comparative study in 212 patients. , 2001, Urology.

[71]  S. Galli,et al.  Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: perioperative complications in an initial and consecutive series of 80 cases. , 2003, European urology.

[72]  Pierre Validire,et al.  Intraoperative frozen section analysis during nerve sparing laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: feasibility study. , 2003, The Journal of urology.

[73]  W. Catalona,et al.  Potency, continence and complication rates in 1,870 consecutive radical retropubic prostatectomies. , 1999, The Journal of urology.

[74]  Christian Stock,et al.  Telesurgical Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy , 2001, European Urology.

[75]  G Vallancien,et al.  Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: oncological evaluation after 1,000 cases a Montsouris Institute. , 2003, The Journal of urology.

[76]  C. Abbou,et al.  Radical prostatectomy by the retropubic, perineal and laparoscopic approach: 12 years of experience in one center. , 2002, European urology.

[77]  B. Guillonneau,et al.  Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: the Montsouris technique. , 2000, The Journal of urology.

[78]  Mihir M Desai,et al.  Robotic assisted laparoscopic sural nerve grafting during radical prostatectomy: initial experience. , 2003, The Journal of urology.

[79]  M. Toublanc,et al.  Radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer: the perineal approach increases the risk of surgically induced positive margins and capsular incisions. , 1998, The Journal of urology.

[80]  D. Bostwick,et al.  Anatomic site-specific positive margins in organ-confined prostate cancer and its impact on outcome after radical prostatectomy. , 1997, Urology.

[81]  Ashutosh Tewari,et al.  An operative and anatomic study to help in nerve sparing during laparoscopic and robotic radical prostatectomy. , 2003, European urology.

[82]  J. Ramon,et al.  Radical retropubic prostatectomy: morbidity and quality of life. Experience with 620 consecutive cases. , 1992, The Journal of urology.

[83]  J. Stolzenburg,et al.  Technique of laparoscopic (endoscopic) radical prostatectomy , 2003, BJU international.

[84]  P. Schellhammer,et al.  Sural nerve graft during laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Initial experience. , 2002, Urologic oncology.

[85]  N. Vogelzang.  Comprehensive Textbook of Genitourinary Oncology , 1996 .

[86]  J. Moul,et al.  A comparison of radical retropubic with perineal prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer within the Uniformed Services Urology Research Group , 2001, BJU international.

[87]  C. Abbou,et al.  Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy , 2001, European Urology.

[88]  M. Menon,et al.  Robotic radical prostatectomy and the Vattikuti Urology Institute technique: an interim analysis of results and technical points. , 2003, Urology.

[89]  L. Gomella,et al.  Pathologic comparison of laparoscopic versus open radical retropubic prostatectomy specimens. , 2003, Urology.

[90]  L R Kavoussi,et al.  Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: initial short-term experience. , 1997, Urology.

[91]  Dogu Teber,et al.  Laparoscopic versus open radical prostatectomy: a comparative study at a single institution. , 2003, The Journal of urology.