Chromogenic and Fluorogenic Probes for the Detection of Illicit Drugs

Abstract The consumption of illicit drugs has increased exponentially in recent years and has become a problem that worries both governments and international institutions. The rapid emergence of new compounds, their easy access, the low levels at which these substances are able to produce an effect, and their short time of permanence in the organism make it necessary to develop highly rapid, easy, sensitive, and selective methods for their detection. Currently, the most widely used methods for drug detection are based on techniques that require large measurement times, the use of sophisticated equipment, and qualified personnel. Chromo‐ and fluorogenic methods are an alternative to those classical procedures.

[1]  Guo-Jun Zhang,et al.  Aptamer based fluorescent cocaine assay based on the use of graphene oxide and exonuclease III-assisted signal amplification , 2016, Microchimica Acta.

[2]  Akira Namera,et al.  Colorimetric detection and chromatographic analyses of designer drugs in biological materials: a comprehensive review , 2011, Forensic Toxicology.

[3]  Itamar Willner,et al.  Autonomous replication of nucleic acids by polymerization/nicking enzyme/DNAzyme cascades for the amplified detection of DNA and the aptamer-cocaine complex. , 2013, Analytical chemistry.

[4]  C. Meng,et al.  An ATMND/SGI based label-free and fluorescence ratiometric aptasensor for rapid and highly sensitive detection of cocaine in biofluids. , 2016, Talanta.

[5]  D. Wen,et al.  Fluorene-thiophene-based thin-film fluorescent chemosensor for methamphetamine vapor , 2011, 2011 16th International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference.

[6]  Mohammad Ramezani,et al.  A novel fluorescent aptasensor based on hairpin structure of complementary strand of aptamer and nanoparticles as a signal amplification approach for ultrasensitive detection of cocaine. , 2016, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[7]  S. Dong,et al.  Double-strand DNA-templated formation of copper nanoparticles as fluorescent probe for label-free aptamer sensor. , 2011, Analytical chemistry.

[8]  Yi Xiao,et al.  A label-free aptamer-fluorophore assembly for rapid and specific detection of cocaine in biofluids. , 2014, Analytical chemistry.

[9]  P. Campíns-Falcó,et al.  A solid colorimetric sensor for the analysis of amphetamine-like street samples. , 2016, Analytica chimica acta.

[10]  M. He,et al.  Reusable split-aptamer-based biosensor for rapid detection of cocaine in serum by using an all-fiber evanescent wave optical biosensing platform. , 2016, Analytica chimica acta.

[11]  A straightforward, validated liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous detection of nine drugs of abuse and their metabolites in hair and nails. , 2017, Analytica chimica acta.

[12]  Qiang Zhao,et al.  Direct fluorescence anisotropy assay for cocaine using tetramethylrhodamine-labeled aptamer , 2017, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry.

[13]  T. Torroba,et al.  A turn-on fluorogenic probe for detection of MDMA from ecstasy tablets. , 2012, Chemical communications.

[14]  B. Greijdanus,et al.  Fast and Highly Selective LC-MS/MS Screening for THC and 16 Other Abused Drugs and Metabolites in Human Hair to Monitor Patients for Drug Abuse , 2014, Therapeutic drug monitoring.

[15]  Cai Kaiyong,et al.  Utilization of unmodified gold nanoparticles in colorimetric detection , 2011 .

[16]  Yanyan Fu,et al.  Determination of Methamphetamine Hydrochloride by highly fluorescent polyfluorene with NH2-terminated side chains , 2011 .

[17]  Milan N Stojanovic,et al.  Aptamer-based colorimetric probe for cocaine. , 2002, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[18]  Matsuda Kumi,et al.  3,4-メチレンジオキシアンフェタミンとクロモトロプ酸との呈色反応 その改善と押収錠剤のスクリーニングへの応用(Color reaction of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamines with chromotropic acid: its improvement and application to the screening of seized tablets) , 2007 .

[19]  Young-Tae Chang,et al.  Development of a fluorescent sensor for illicit date rape drug GHB. , 2013, Chemical communications.

[20]  M. Stojanović,et al.  Aptamer-based folding fluorescent sensor for cocaine. , 2001, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[21]  A. Corma,et al.  A colorimetric sensor array for the detection of the date-rape drug γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB): a supramolecular approach. , 2010, Chemistry.

[22]  Kang Mao,et al.  G-quadruplex–hemin DNAzyme molecular beacon probe for the detection of methamphetamine , 2016 .

[23]  Guo-Li Shen,et al.  A novel, label-free fluorescent aptasensor for cocaine detection based on a G-quadruplex and ruthenium polypyridyl complex molecular light switch , 2016 .

[24]  Chun-Yang Zhang,et al.  Single quantum-dot-based aptameric nanosensor for cocaine. , 2009, Analytical chemistry.

[25]  N. Ohno,et al.  Improved determination of methamphetamine, ephedrine and methylephedrine in urine by extraction--thermospectrometry. , 1987, The Analyst.

[26]  T. Schrader,et al.  A color sensor for catecholamines. , 2005, Angewandte Chemie.

[27]  Mengyuan He,et al.  Portable Upconversion Nanoparticles-Based Paper Device for Field Testing of Drug Abuse. , 2016, Analytical chemistry.

[28]  P. Campíns-Falcó,et al.  A passive solid sensor for in-situ colorimetric estimation of the presence of ketamine in illicit drug samples , 2017 .

[29]  J. O. Jeppesen,et al.  Pseudorotaxane capped mesoporous silica nanoparticles for 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) detection in water. , 2017, Chemical communications.

[30]  C. Leung,et al.  A long-lived iridium(iii) chemosensor for the real-time detection of GHB. , 2017, Journal of materials chemistry. B.

[31]  Chao Yang,et al.  A Luminescent Cocaine Detection Platform Using a Split G-Quadruplex-Selective Iridium(III) Complex and a Three-Way DNA Junction Architecture. , 2015, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[32]  Mihkel Kaljurand,et al.  Qualitative detection of illegal drugs (cocaine, heroin and MDMA) in seized street samples based on SFS data and ANN: validation of method , 2012 .

[33]  A. Gouda,et al.  A novel spectrofluorimetric method for the assay of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations via derivatization with 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan. , 2011, Luminescence : the journal of biological and chemical luminescence.

[34]  Takeshi Saito,et al.  Comprehensive review of the detection methods for synthetic cannabinoids and cathinones , 2015, Forensic Toxicology.

[35]  K. Basavaiah,et al.  Titrimetric and Spectrophotometric Determinations of Some Phenothiazine Psychotropics Using Chloramine-T , 2002 .

[36]  A. Mosnaim,et al.  A spectrophotometric method for the quantification of 2-phenylethylamine in biological specimens. , 1973, Analytical biochemistry.

[37]  Ming Zhou,et al.  G-Quadruplex-based DNAzyme for colorimetric detection of cocaine: using magnetic nanoparticles as the separation and amplification element. , 2011, The Analyst.

[38]  S. Garrigues,et al.  Identification and determination of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal products by dry film attenuated total reflectance-infrared spectroscopy. , 2017, Talanta.

[39]  A. Amin,et al.  New Potentiometric and Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Dextromethorphan in Pharmaceutical Preparations , 2014, Analytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry.

[40]  Kang Mao,et al.  A novel colorimetric biosensor based on non-aggregated Au@Ag core-shell nanoparticles for methamphetamine and cocaine detection. , 2017, Talanta.

[41]  J. Pallarès,et al.  Fabrication and optical characterization of nanoporous alumina films annealed at different temperatures , 2009 .

[42]  R E Finlayson,et al.  Misuse of prescription drugs. , 1995, The International journal of the addictions.

[43]  Uvaraj Uddayasankar,et al.  Fast, Sensitive, and Quantitative Point-of-Care Platform for the Assessment of Drugs of Abuse in Urine, Serum, and Whole Blood. , 2017, Analytical chemistry.

[44]  Itamar Willner,et al.  Spotlighting of cocaine by an autonomous aptamer-based machine. , 2007, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[45]  Wenliang Wang,et al.  Fabrication of a new fluorescent film and its superior sensing performance to N-methamphetamine in vapor phase , 2016 .

[46]  S. Rouhani,et al.  A novel fluorescence nanosensor based on 1,8-naphthalimide-thiophene doped silica nanoparticles, and its application to the determination of methamphetamine , 2015 .

[47]  Suna Timur,et al.  Mobile Phone Sensing of Cocaine in a Lateral Flow Assay Combined with a Biomimetic Material. , 2017, Analytical chemistry.

[48]  Luis M Liz-Marzán,et al.  Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering and Gated Materials for Sensing Applications: The Ultrasensitive Detection of Mycoplasma and Cocaine. , 2016, Chemistry.

[49]  S. Materazzi,et al.  Early detection of emerging street drugs by near infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics. , 2016, Talanta.

[50]  Y. Yagcı,et al.  Double fluorescence assay via a β-cyclodextrin containing conjugated polymer as a biomimetic material for cocaine sensing , 2017 .

[51]  Zhaofeng Luo,et al.  Highly specific triple-fragment aptamer for optical detection of cocaine , 2012 .

[52]  G. Kearns,et al.  The use of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the detection of drug intoxication. , 2000, Journal of analytical toxicology.

[53]  Jeremiah A Morris,et al.  Modified Cobalt Thiocyanate Presumptive Color Test for Ketamine Hydrochloride , 2007, Journal of forensic sciences.

[54]  P. Kanatharana,et al.  A sol–gel colorimetric sensor for methamphetamine detection , 2015 .

[55]  M. Bahram,et al.  Mean centering of ratio spectra for colorimetric determination of morphine and codeine in pharmaceuticals and biological samples using melamine modified gold nanoparticles , 2016 .

[56]  C. Meinhart,et al.  Rapid detection of drugs of abuse in saliva using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy and microfluidics. , 2013, ACS nano.

[57]  Yan Shi,et al.  Fluorescent sensing of cocaine based on a structure switching aptamer, gold nanoparticles and graphene oxide. , 2013, The Analyst.

[58]  Chunhai Fan,et al.  Visual cocaine detection with gold nanoparticles and rationally engineered aptamer structures. , 2008, Small.

[59]  D. Kidwell,et al.  Testing for drugs of abuse in saliva and sweat. , 1998, Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical sciences and applications.

[60]  Suna Timur,et al.  An aptamer folding-based sensory platform decorated with nanoparticles for simple cocaine testing. , 2017, Drug testing and analysis.

[61]  Kai Zhang,et al.  Label-free and ultrasensitive fluorescence detection of cocaine based on a strategy that utilizes DNA-templated silver nanoclusters and the nicking endonuclease-assisted signal amplification method. , 2014, Chemical communications.

[62]  Chao‐Jun Li,et al.  Enantiomeric discrimination of chiral amines with new fluorescent chemosensors , 1998 .

[63]  Juewen Liu,et al.  Fast colorimetric sensing of adenosine and cocaine based on a general sensor design involving aptamers and nanoparticles. , 2005, Angewandte Chemie.

[64]  P. Zavalij,et al.  Supramolecular Sensors for Opiates and Their Metabolites. , 2017, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[65]  Nicolas H Voelcker,et al.  Aptamer sensor for cocaine using minor groove binder based energy transfer. , 2012, Analytica chimica acta.

[66]  Niamh Nic Daeid,et al.  Real time quantitative colourimetric test for methamphetamine detection using digital and mobile phone technology. , 2014, Forensic science international.

[67]  Milan N Stojanovic,et al.  Fluorescent Sensors Based on Aptamer Self-Assembly. , 2000, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[68]  D. Shangguan,et al.  Development of DNA aptamers using Cell-SELEX , 2010, Nature Protocols.

[69]  Ying Li,et al.  Chemiluminescence aptasensor for cocaine based on double-functionalized gold nanoprobes and functionalized magnetic microbeads , 2011, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[70]  T. Baheri,et al.  Chemical nose for discrimination of opioids based on unmodified gold nanoparticles , 2017 .

[71]  Guo-Li Shen,et al.  A novel label-free fluorescence aptamer-based sensor method for cocaine detection based on isothermal circular strand-displacement amplification and graphene oxide absorption , 2013 .

[72]  Lluís F. Marsal,et al.  Molecular gated nanoporous anodic alumina for the detection of cocaine , 2016, Scientific Reports.

[73]  E. Dalcanale,et al.  A fluorescent probe for ecstasy. , 2015, Chemical communications.

[74]  Heng Zhang,et al.  Erratum to: Colorimetric and bare eye determination of urinary methylamphetamine based on the use of aptamers and the salt-induced aggregation of unmodified gold nanoparticles , 2015, Microchimica Acta.

[75]  Kemin Wang,et al.  Amplified detection of cocaine based on strand-displacement polymerization and fluorescence resonance energy transfer. , 2011, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[76]  E. Ortí,et al.  Diazatetraester 1H-pyrazole crowns as fluorescent chemosensors for AMPH, METH, MDMA (ecstasy), and dopamine. , 2008, Organic letters.

[77]  Giacomo Musile,et al.  An aptamer‐based paper microfluidic device for the colorimetric determination of cocaine , 2018, Electrophoresis.