Modelling and control of hybrid electric vehicles (a comprehensive review)

The gradual decline in global oil reserves and presence of ever so stringent emissions rules around the world, have created an urgent need for the production of automobiles with improved fuel economy. HEVs (hybrid electric vehicles) have proved a viable option to guaranteeing improved fuel economy and reduced emissions. The fuel consumption benefits which can be realised when utilising HEV architecture are dependent on how much braking energy is regenerated, and how well the regenerated energy is utilised. The challenge in developing an HEV control strategy lies in the satisfaction of often conflicting control constraints involving fuel consumption, emissions and driveability, without over-depleting the battery state of charge at the end of the defined driving cycle.

[1]  Mashrur Chowdhury,et al.  An energy optimization strategy for power-split drivetrain plug-in hybrid electric vehicles , 2012 .

[2]  Chengliang Yin,et al.  Use of Fuzzy Controller for Hybrid Traction Control System in Hybrid Electric Vehicles , 2006, 2006 International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation.

[3]  Zhiguang Zhou,et al.  Power management of passive multi-source hybrid electric vehicle , 2011, 2011 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference.

[4]  Yaoyu Li,et al.  Power management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles using neural network based trip modeling , 2009, 2009 American Control Conference.

[5]  L. Serrao,et al.  Optimal control of power split for a hybrid electric refuse vehicle , 2008, 2008 American Control Conference.

[6]  F. R. Salmasi,et al.  Control Strategies for Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Evolution, Classification, Comparison, and Future Trends , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[7]  H Yeo,et al.  Hardware-in-the-loop simulation of regenerative braking for a hybrid electric vehicle , 2002 .

[8]  Steffen Kutter,et al.  Integrated thermal and energy management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles , 2012 .

[9]  X. He,et al.  Energy management strategies for a hybrid electric vehicle , 2005, 2005 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference.

[10]  Martin T. Hagan,et al.  Neural network design , 1995 .

[11]  Elvio A. Pilotta,et al.  Optimal power split in a hybrid electric vehicle using direct transcription of an optimal control problem , 2009, Math. Comput. Simul..

[12]  Hans P. Geering,et al.  Optimal control with engineering applications , 2007 .

[13]  M. Salman,et al.  A rule-based energy management strategy for a series hybrid vehicle , 1997, Proceedings of the 1997 American Control Conference (Cat. No.97CH36041).

[14]  Pierre Leduc,et al.  Downsizing of Gasoline Engine: an Efficient Way to Reduce CO2 Emissions , 2003 .

[15]  Ali Boyali,et al.  Real-time controller design for a parallel hybrid electric vehicle using neuro-dynamic programming method , 2010, 2010 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics.

[16]  Morteza Montazeri-Gh,et al.  Driving condition recognition for genetic-fuzzy HEV Control , 2008, 2008 3rd International Workshop on Genetic and Evolving Systems.

[17]  Aymeric Rousseau,et al.  Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Control Strategy: Comparison between EV and Charge-Depleting Options , 2008 .

[18]  Michael Back,et al.  PREDICTIVE CONTROL OF DRIVETRAINS , 2002 .

[19]  Morteza Montazeri,et al.  Design of genetic-fuzzy control strategy for parallel hybrid electric vehicles , 2008 .

[20]  Zoran Filipi,et al.  Optimization approach to hybrid electric propulsion system design , 1999 .

[21]  Tatsuo Teratani,et al.  Development of Toyota Mild Hybrid System (THS-M) with 42V PowerNet , 2003, IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference, 2003. IEMDC'03..

[22]  Huei Peng,et al.  A stochastic control strategy for hybrid electric vehicles , 2004, Proceedings of the 2004 American Control Conference.

[23]  G. Rizzoni,et al.  Effects of different PHEV control strategies on vehicle performance , 2009, 2009 American Control Conference.

[24]  Seung-Ki Sul,et al.  Torque control strategy for a parallel hybrid vehicle using fuzzy logic , 1998, Conference Record of 1998 IEEE Industry Applications Conference. Thirty-Third IAS Annual Meeting (Cat. No.98CH36242).

[25]  Pongsathorn Raksincharoensak,et al.  Fuel Economy Improvement Strategy for Light Duty Hybrid Truck Based on Fuel Consumption Computational Model Using Neural Network , 2008 .

[26]  Gianfranco Rizzo,et al.  A MODEL FOR THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN A PARALLEL HYBRID VEHICLE , 2001 .

[27]  Huei Peng,et al.  Energy management strategy for a parallel hybrid electric truck , 2001, Proceedings of the 2001 American Control Conference. (Cat. No.01CH37148).

[28]  Katsuhiko Sakaguchi,et al.  Approach to High Efficiency Diesel and Gas Engines , 2008 .

[29]  Jeffrey B. Burl,et al.  Control Strategies for a Series-Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle , 2001 .

[30]  Rifat Keribar,et al.  Engine/Powertrain/Vehicle Modeling Tool Applicable to All Stages of the Design Process , 2000 .

[31]  Philip Laird,et al.  Dynamic Optimization , 1992, ML.

[32]  Giorgio Rizzoni,et al.  A-ECMS: An Adaptive Algorithm for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Management , 2005, CDC 2005.

[33]  R. Trigui,et al.  Predictive control for HEV energy management: experimental results , 2009, 2009 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference.

[34]  Oliver Richard Inderwildi,et al.  The status of conventional world oil reserves—Hype or cause for concern? , 2010 .

[35]  Jianmin Duan,et al.  Optimal Sizing of a Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle Using a Hybrid Genetic Algorithm , 2007, 2007 IEEE International Conference on Automation and Logistics.

[36]  Chris Mi,et al.  Multi-objective parameter optimization of a series hybrid electric vehicle using evolutionary algorithms , 2009, 2009 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference.

[37]  Huei Peng,et al.  Optimal Control of Hybrid Electric Vehicles Based on Pontryagin's Minimum Principle , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology.

[38]  David Wenzhong Gao,et al.  Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Control Strategy Parameter Optimization , 2008 .

[39]  Makoto Yamazaki,et al.  Development of New-Generation Hybrid System THS II - Drastic Improvement of Power Performance and Fuel Economy , 2004 .

[40]  Farzad Rajaei Salmasi,et al.  A Predictive and Battery Protective Control Strategy for Series HEV , 2008 .

[41]  Aihua Wang,et al.  Design of Energy Management Strategy in Hybrid Vehicles by Evolutionary Fuzzy System Part I: Fuzzy Logic Controller Development , 2006, 2006 6th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation.

[42]  D. Schroder,et al.  An approach for the online optimized control of a hybrid powertrain , 2002, 7th International Workshop on Advanced Motion Control. Proceedings (Cat. No.02TH8623).

[43]  L. Guzzella,et al.  Rule-based and optimal control strategies for energy management in parallel hybrid vehicles , 2003 .

[44]  Adam R. Brandt,et al.  Global oil depletion: a review of the evidence , 2010 .

[45]  Miaohua Huang.  Optimal Multilevel Hierarchical Control Strategy for Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle , 2006, 2006 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference.

[46]  Huei Peng,et al.  Shortest path stochastic control for hybrid electric vehicles , 2008 .

[47]  Yangsheng Xu,et al.  Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Parameter Optimization , 2006, 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems.

[48]  Zhang Liang,et al.  Fuzzy-Genetic Control Strategy of Hybrid Electric Vehicle , 2009, 2009 Second International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation.

[49]  Bo Chen,et al.  Minimizing HEV fuel consumption using model predictive control , 2012, Proceedings of 2012 IEEE/ASME 8th IEEE/ASME International Conference on Mechatronic and Embedded Systems and Applications.

[50]  Fengjun Yan,et al.  Hybrid Electric Vehicle Model Predictive Control Torque-Split Strategy Incorporating Engine Transient Characteristics , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[51]  W. Gao,et al.  Design optimization of a parallel hybrid electric powertrain , 2005, 2005 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference.

[52]  Lino Guzzella,et al.  Optimal control of parallel hybrid electric vehicles , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology.

[53]  Xia Chaoying,et al.  Notice of RetractionOptimal Power Split in a Hybrid Electric Vehicle Using Improved Dynamic Programming , 2010, 2010 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference.

[54]  Guillermo R. Bossio,et al.  Optimization of power management in an hybrid electric vehicle using dynamic programming , 2006, Math. Comput. Simul..

[55]  Yaonan Wang,et al.  Multiobjective Optimization of HEV Fuel Economy and Emissions Using the Self-Adaptive Differential Evolution Algorithm , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[56]  Sheldon S. Williamson,et al.  Optimal design of a parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle using multi-objective genetic algorithms , 2009, 2009 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference.

[57]  Hosam K. Fathy,et al.  A Stochastic Optimal Control Approach for Power Management in Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology.

[58]  Qun Zeng,et al.  The Design and Simulation of Fuzzy Logic Controller for Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles , 2007, 2007 IEEE International Conference on Automation and Logistics.

[59]  Tom Egel,et al.  Model-Based Design for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems , 2008 .

[60]  Y. Yokoi,et al.  Novel energy management system for hybrid electric vehicles utilizing car navigation over a commuting route , 2004, IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, 2004.

[61]  Yang Wang,et al.  Fast Model Predictive Control Using Online Optimization , 2008 .

[62]  Mehrdad Ehsani,et al.  An energy management and charge sustaining strategy for a parallel hybrid vehicle with CVT , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology.

[63]  Stefano Di Cairano,et al.  MPC-Based Energy Management of a Power-Split Hybrid Electric Vehicle , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology.

[64]  Daniel F. Opila,et al.  Fundamental Structural Limitations of an Industrial Energy Management Controller Architecture for Hybrid Vehicles , 2009 .

[65]  C. C. Chan,et al.  The state of the art of electric and hybrid vehicles , 2002, Proc. IEEE.

[66]  Ahmet Teke,et al.  A comprehensive overview of hybrid electric vehicle: Powertrain configurations, powertrain control techniques and electronic control units , 2011 .

[67]  Chin-Wang Tao,et al.  Flexible complexity reduced PID-like fuzzy controllers , 2000, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part B.

[68]  Zhumu Fu,et al.  Research on energy management and optimization for PHEV , 2012, 2012 IEEE International Conference on Automation and Logistics.

[69]  Chuen-Tsai Sun,et al.  Neuro-fuzzy And Soft Computing: A Computational Approach To Learning And Machine Intelligence [Books in Brief] , 1997, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks.

[70]  Alberto Bemporad,et al.  Hybrid Modeling, Identification, and Predictive Control: An Application to Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Management , 2009, HSCC.

[71]  Cui Naxin.  Fuzzy energy management strategy of parallel hybrid electric vehicle based on particle swarm optimization , 2008 .

[72]  Amir Poursamad,et al.  Optimization of Component Sizes in Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles via Genetic Algorithms , 2005 .

[73]  Mutasim A. Salman,et al.  Energy management strategies for parallel hybrid vehicles using fuzzy logic , 2000 .

[74]  Seong-chul Lee,et al.  Fuel Economy Optimization for Parallel Hybrid Vehicles with CVT , 1999 .

[75]  R. Beck,et al.  Model Predictive Control of a Parallel Hybrid Vehicle Drivetrain , 2005, Proceedings of the 44th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.

[76]  A. Piccolo,et al.  Optimisation of energy flow management in hybrid electric vehicles via genetic algorithms , 2001, 2001 IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics. Proceedings (Cat. No.01TH8556).

[77]  Miaohua Huang,et al.  Optimal Control Strategy Based on PSO for Powertrain of Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle , 2006, 2006 IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety.

[78]  Wpmh Maurice Heemels,et al.  Advanced energy management strategies for vehicle power nets , 2003 .

[79]  Alexandre Chasse,et al.  Supervisory control of hybrid powertrains: An experimental benchmark of offline optimization and online energy management , 2009 .

[80]  Giorgio Rizzoni,et al.  Optimality Assessment of Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy for PHEV Applications , 2009 .

[81]  Zongxuan Sun,et al.  SDP-based extremum seeking energy management strategy for a power-split hybrid electric vehicle , 2012, 2012 American Control Conference (ACC).

[82]  M. Farrokhi,et al.  Optimal neuro-fuzzy control of parallel hybrid electric vehicles , 2005, 2005 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference.

[83]  Ahmad Radan,et al.  A novel PSO based technique for optimizing the DOH in hybrid electric vehicles to improve both the fuel economy and vehicle performance and reduce the emissions , 2011, 2011 2nd Power Electronics, Drive Systems and Technologies Conference.

[84]  Huei Peng,et al.  SP-SDP for Fuel Consumption and Tailpipe Emissions Minimization in an EVT Hybrid , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology.

[85]  Erik Hellström,et al.  Look-ahead Control for Heavy Trucks to minimize Trip Time and Fuel Consumption , 2007 .

[86]  Yaoyu Li,et al.  Trip based optimal power management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles using gas-kinetic traffic flow model , 2008, 2008 American Control Conference.

[87]  Iqbal Husain,et al.  Electric and hybrid vehicles : design fundamentals , 2003 .

[88]  Pierluigi Pisu,et al.  A Comparative Study Of Supervisory Control Strategies for Hybrid Electric Vehicles , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology.

[89]  Jonn Axsen,et al.  Hybrid, Plug-in Hybrid, or Electric - What Do Car Buyers Want? , 2013 .

[90]  Amir Poursamad,et al.  Application of genetic algorithm for simultaneous optimisation of HEV component sizing and control strategy , 2006 .

[91]  Thierry-Marie Guerra,et al.  Equivalent consumption minimization strategy for parallel hybrid powertrains , 2002, Vehicular Technology Conference. IEEE 55th Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC Spring 2002 (Cat. No.02CH37367).

[92]  Federico Millo,et al.  Development of a New Mean Value Model for the Analysis of Turbolag Phenomena in Automotive Diesel Engines , 2007 .

[93]  Hao Ying,et al.  Fuzzy Gain-Scheduling Proportional–Integral Control for Improving Engine Power and Speed Behavior in a Hybrid Electric Vehicle , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[94]  Yangsheng Xu,et al.  Parameter Optimization of Power Control Strategy for Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle , 2006, 2006 IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation.

[95]  Huei Peng,et al.  Optimal catalyst temperature management of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles , 2011, Proceedings of the 2011 American Control Conference.

[96]  Gregory N. Washington,et al.  Intelligent Control of Hybrid Vehicles Using Neural Networks and Fuzzy Logic , 1998 .

[97]  Dengke Lu,et al.  Fuzzy logic control approach to the energy management of Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles , 2012, 2012 IEEE International Conference on Information and Automation.

[98]  Giorgio Rizzoni,et al.  Energy-Optimal Control of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles for Real-World Driving Cycles , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[99]  Tankut Acarman,et al.  Modeling and control of a four wheel drive parallel hybrid electric vehicle , 2006, 2006 IEEE Conference on Computer Aided Control System Design, 2006 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications, 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control.

[100]  Russell C. Eberhart,et al.  Parameter Selection in Particle Swarm Optimization , 1998, Evolutionary Programming.

[101]  Bo Gu,et al.  An Adaptive Algorithm for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Management Based on Driving Pattern Recognition , 2006 .

[102]  Zoran Filipi,et al.  Engine-in-the-loop study of the stochastic dynamic programming optimal control design for a hybrid electric HMMWV , 2008 .

[103]  A. Miraoui,et al.  Combined optimal sizing and energy management of hybrid electric vehicles , 2012, 2012 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC).

[104]  Simona Onori,et al.  ECMS as a realization of Pontryagin's minimum principle for HEV control , 2009, 2009 American Control Conference.

[105]  Chenghui Zhang,et al.  Research on predictive control based energy management strategy for Hybrid Electric Vehicle , 2012, 2012 3rd IEEE International Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG).

[106]  Pierluigi Pisu,et al.  A LMI-based supervisory robust control for hybrid vehicles , 2003, Proceedings of the 2003 American Control Conference, 2003..

[107]  Simona Onori,et al.  Comparative study of different control strategies for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles , 2009 .

[108]  Liu Mei-jun.  A Fuzzy Neural Network Control System Based on Improved Learning Algorithms , 2007 .

[109]  Gregory N. Washington,et al.  Mechatronic design and control of hybrid electric vehicles , 2000 .

[110]  Frank L. Lewis,et al.  Optimal Control , 1986 .

[111]  Daeheung Lee,et al.  A jump condition of PMP-based control for PHEVs , 2011 .

[112]  W. P. M. H. Heemels,et al.  Energy management strategies for vehicular electric power systems , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[113]  Federico Millo,et al.  Numerical Simulation for Vehicle PowertrainDevelopment , 2011 .

[114]  Bo Egardt,et al.  Assessing the Potential of Predictive Control for Hybrid Vehicle Powertrains Using Stochastic Dynamic Programming , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems.

[115]  Steven E. Plotkin.  Examining Fuel Economy and Carbon Standards for Light Vehicles , 2009 .

[116]  Lino Guzzella,et al.  Vehicle Propulsion Systems: Introduction to Modeling and Optimization , 2005 .

[117]  Gregory N. Washington,et al.  Intelligent Control of Hybrid Electric Vehicles Using GPS Information , 2002 .

[118]  Daniele De Vito.  POWER FLOW MANAGEMENT WITH PREDICTIVE CAPABILITIES FOR A HYBRID FUEL CELL VEHICLE , 2007 .

[119]  Rifat Keribar,et al.  “Virtual Engine/Powertrain/Vehicle” Simulation Tool Solves Complex Interacting System Issues , 2003 .

[120]  Jianqiu Li,et al.  Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategies of Series Hybrid City Buses , 2010 .

[121]  M Maarten Steinbuch,et al.  An adaptive sub-optimal energy management strategy for hybrid drive trains , 2008 .

[122]  A.M. Phillips,et al.  Vehicle system controller design for a hybrid electric vehicle , 2000, Proceedings of the 2000. IEEE International Conference on Control Applications. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37162).

[123]  K. T. Chau,et al.  Overview of power management in hybrid electric vehicles , 2002 .

[124]  Shi-Yin Qin,et al.  Concurrent Optimization for Parameters of Powertrain and Control System of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Based on Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithms , 2006, 2006 SICE-ICASE International Joint Conference.

[125]  G. Rizzoni,et al.  A supervisory control strategy for series hybrid electric vehicles with two energy storage systems , 2005, 2005 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference.

[126]  Suk Won Cha,et al.  Optimal control of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) based on driving patterns , 2009 .

[127]  Zoran Filipi,et al.  Modeling and Control Analysis of Toyota Hybrid System , 2005, AIM 2005.

[128]  Erik Hellström,et al.  Horizon Length and Fuel Equivalents for Fuel-optimal Look-ahead Control , 2010 .

[129]  Huei Peng,et al.  Power management strategy for a parallel hybrid electric truck , 2003, IEEE Trans. Control. Syst. Technol..

[130]  Steve Sorrell,et al.  Oil futures: A comparison of global supply forecasts , 2010 .

[131]  Amin Hajizadeh,et al.  Power Management Strategy for Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles , 2006 .

[132]  Hao Zhang,et al.  Research on fuzzy energy management strategy of parallel hybrid electric vehicle , 2011, Proceedings of 2011 International Conference on Electronic & Mechanical Engineering and Information Technology.

[133]  Theo Hofman,et al.  An optimal control-based algorithm for Hybrid Electric Vehicle using preview route information , 2010, Proceedings of the 2010 American Control Conference.

[134]  Rakesh Gupta,et al.  Improving Hybrid Vehicle Fuel Efficiency Using Inverse Reinforcement Learning , 2012, AAAI.

[135]  Chris Manzie.  Relative Fuel Economy Potential of Intelligent, Hybrid and Intelligent–Hybrid Passenger Vehicles , 2010 .

[136]  Suzanna Long,et al.  Barriers to widespread adoption of electric vehicles: An analysis of consumer attitudes and perceptions , 2012 .

[137]  P. Siano,et al.  Extended Fuzzy C-Means and Genetic Algorithms to Optimize Power Flow Management in Hybrid Electric Vehicles , 2003, Proceedings of 2003 IEEE Conference on Control Applications, 2003. CCA 2003..

[138]  Yaoyu Li,et al.  Computationally efficient optimal power management for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles based on spatial-domain two-scale dynamic programming , 2008, 2008 IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety.

[139]  Zheng Wei,et al.  Control Strategy for Double Shaft Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle , 2006, 2006 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference.

[140]  B. M. Mohan,et al.  Analytical structures and analysis of the simplest fuzzy PI controllers , 2002, Autom..

[141]  Chris Bingham,et al.  Predictive control for energy management in all/more electric vehicles with multiple energy storage units , 2003, IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference, 2003. IEMDC'03..

[142]  Mutasim A. Salman,et al.  Fuzzy logic control for parallel hybrid vehicles , 2002, IEEE Trans. Control. Syst. Technol..

[143]  Jianliang Wang,et al.  Projection of world fossil fuels by country , 2015 .

[144]  Daniel F. Opila,et al.  Real-Time Implementation and Hardware Testing of a Hybrid Vehicle Energy Management Controller Based on Stochastic Dynamic Programming , 2013 .

[145]  Stephen P. Boyd,et al.  Finding Ultimate Limits of Performance for Hybrid Electric Vehicles , 2000 .

[146]  V. Krotov,et al.  Global methods in optimal control theory , 1993 .

[147]  Bo Egardt,et al.  Assessing the potential of predictive control for hybrid vehicle powertrains using stochastic dynamic programming , 2005 .

[148]  Thierry-Marie Guerra,et al.  Control of a parallel hybrid powertrain: optimal control , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[149]  Xiaoyong Wang,et al.  An Energy Management Controller to Optimally Trade Off Fuel Economy and Drivability for Hybrid Vehicles , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology.

[150]  P.G. Song,et al.  Hybrid Electric Vehicles with Multilevel Cascaded Converter using Genetic Algorithm , 2006, 2006 1ST IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications.

[151]  Narayan C. Kar,et al.  Advanced design approach of power split device of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles using Dynamic Programming , 2011, 2011 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference.

[152]  Gregory N. Washington,et al.  Modeling, performance analysis and control design of a hybrid sport-utility vehicle , 1999, Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications (Cat. No.99CH36328).

[153]  G Rizzoni,et al.  Optimal control for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle applications , 2010, Proceedings of the 2010 American Control Conference.

[154]  N. Cavina,et al.  Predictive Energy Management Strategies for Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Fuel Economy Improvement and Battery Capacity Sensitivity Analysis , 2018 .

[155]  Ali Emadi,et al.  Modern electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles : fundamentals, theory, and design , 2009 .

[156]  Pierluigi Pisu,et al.  Control Strategies for Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles , 2004 .

[157]  D. Schroder,et al.  Optimization strategy for design and control of a hybrid vehicle , 2000, 6th International Workshop on Advanced Motion Control. Proceedings (Cat. No.00TH8494).

[158]  Thierry-Marie Guerra,et al.  Optimal control of a parallel powertrain: from global optimization to real time control strategy , 2002, Vehicular Technology Conference. IEEE 55th Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC Spring 2002 (Cat. No.02CH37367).

[159]  Otmar Bitsche,et al.  Systems for hybrid cars , 2004 .

[160]  Steve Sorrell,et al.  Shaping the global oil peak: A review of the evidence on field sizes, reserve growth, decline rates and depletion rates , 2012 .

[161]  Reza Langari,et al.  Intelligent energy management agent for a parallel hybrid vehicle-part II: torque distribution, charge sustenance strategies, and performance results , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[162]  M. Mohammadian,et al.  Motion control for hybrid electric vehicle , 2004, The 4th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, 2004. IPEMC 2004..

[163]  Lars Eriksson,et al.  Adaptive Control of a Hybrid Powertrain with Map-based ECMS , 2011 .

[164]  Giorgio Rizzoni,et al.  General supervisory control policy for the energy optimization of charge-sustaining hybrid electric vehicles , 2001 .

[165]  Sylvie Galichet,et al.  Fuzzy controllers: synthesis and equivalences , 1995, IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst..

[166]  Jianmin Duan,et al.  Power split control strategy for a series Hybrid Electric Vehicle using fuzzy logic , 2008, 2008 IEEE International Conference on Automation and Logistics.

[167]  Narayan C. Kar,et al.  Hybrid Electric Vehicles for Sustainable Transportation: A Canadian Perspective , 2009 .

[168]  M.E.H. Benbouzid,et al.  An optimal fuzzy logic power sharing strategy for Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles , 2010, 2010 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference.

[169]  Huei Peng,et al.  Energy management in a parallel hybrid electric vehicle with a continuously variable transmission , 2000, Proceedings of the 2000 American Control Conference. ACC (IEEE Cat. No.00CH36334).

[170]  Lino Guzzella,et al.  A Real-Time Optimal Control Strategy for Parallel Hybrid Vehicles with On-Board Estimation of the Control Parameters , 2004 .

[171]  G Ripaccioli,et al.  A stochastic model predictive control approach for series hybrid electric vehicle power management , 2010, Proceedings of the 2010 American Control Conference.

[172]  Guoming G. Zhu,et al.  Equivalent fuel consumption optimal control of a series hybrid electric vehicle , 2009 .

[173]  Federico Millo,et al.  Transient Correction of Diesel Engine Steady-State Emissions and Fuel Consumption Maps for Vehicle Performance Simulation , 2007 .

[174]  Giorgio Rizzoni,et al.  Energy management for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles using equivalent consumption minimisation strategy , 2010 .

[175]  Sheldon S. Williamson,et al.  Particle swarm optimization for efficient selection of hybrid electric vehicle design parameters , 2010, 2010 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition.

[176]  A. Arkadan,et al.  Particle Swarm Optimization of Coupled Electromechanical Systems , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.

[177]  Reza Langari,et al.  Integrated drive cycle analysis for fuzzy logic based energy management in hybrid vehicles , 2003, The 12th IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems, 2003. FUZZ '03..

[178]  Giancarlo Genta,et al.  Motor Vehicle Dynamics: Modeling and Simulation , 1997, Series on Advances in Mathematics for Applied Sciences.

[179]  Russell C. Eberhart,et al.  A new optimizer using particle swarm theory , 1995, MHS'95. Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Micro Machine and Human Science.

[180]  Danil V. Prokhorov.  Toyota Prius HEV neurocontrol , 2007, 2007 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks.

[181]  Giorgio Rizzoni,et al.  Control development for a hybrid-electric sport-utility vehicle: strategy, implementation and field test results , 2001, Proceedings of the 2001 American Control Conference. (Cat. No.01CH37148).

[182]  Chen Zhang,et al.  Nonlinear Model Predictive Control for power-split Hybrid Electric Vehicles , 2010, 49th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC).

[183]  Giorgio Rizzoni,et al.  Optimal energy management in series hybrid electric vehicles , 2000, Proceedings of the 2000 American Control Conference. ACC (IEEE Cat. No.00CH36334).

[184]  Tony Markel,et al.  Dynamic Programming Applied to Investigate Energy Management Strategies for a Plug-in HEV , 2006 .

[185]  Yangsheng Xu,et al.  Particle Swarm Optimization for Operational Parameters of Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle , 2006, 2006 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics.

[186]  D. Sinoquet,et al.  Design optimization and optimal control for hybrid vehicles , 2011 .

[187]  N. Al-Aawar,et al.  EM-TFL identification for Particle Swarm Optimization of HEV powertrain , 2009, 2009 IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference.

[188]  Arsie Ivan,et al.  Optimization of Supervisory Control Strategy for Parallel Hybrid Vehicle with Provisional Load Estimate , 2004 .

[189]  Kathleen Ellen Bailey,et al.  Dynamic modeling and control of hybrid electric vehicle powertrain systems , 1998 .