Biodiversity in Environmental Assessment: Enhancing Ecosystem Services for Human Well-Being

Foreword Ahmed Djoghlaf (the Executive Secretary of the Convention on Biological Diversity) Preface 1. Introduction Roel Slootweg, Asha Rajvanshi, Vinod B. Mathur and Arend Kolhoff 2. Interpretation of biodiversity Roel Slootweg 3. Biodiversity conservation and development: challenges for impact assessment Asha Rajvanshi and Vinod B. Mathur 4. The impact assessment framework Roel Slootweg and Peter P. Mollinga 5. Environmental assessment Arend Kolhoff, Bobbi Schijf, Rob Verheem and Roel Slootweg 6. Biodiversity in environmental impact assessment Asha Rajvanshi, Vinod B. Mathur and Roel Slootweg 7. Biodiversity-inclusive strategic environmental assessment Roel Slootweg 8. Reconciling conservation and development: the role of biodiversity offsets Asha Rajvanshi and Vinod B. Mathur 9. Valuation of ecosystem services: lessons from influential cases Pieter J. H. van Beukering and Roel Slootweg Epilogue - issues in need of further exploration Roel Slootweg, Asha Rajvanshi, Vinod B. Mathur and Arend Kolhoff References Annex: valuation of ecosystem services: influential cases Pieter J.H. van Beukering, Roel Slootweg and Desiree Immerzeel.

[1]  V. Shiva Ecology and the Politics of Survival: Conflicts Over Natural Resources in India , 1991 .

[2]  W. Adams,et al.  Biodiversity Conservation and the Eradication of Poverty , 2004, Science.

[3]  Peter-John Meynell Use of IUCN Red Listing process as a basis for assessing biodiversity threats and impacts in environmental impact assessment , 2005 .

[4]  Yue-Hwa Yu,et al.  Development and implementation of Strategic Environmental Assessment in Taiwan , 2004 .

[5]  John S. Dryzek,et al.  Policy Analysis and Planning: From Science to Argument , 2002, The Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis and Planning.

[6]  A. Magurran,et al.  Measuring Biological Diversity , 2004 .

[7]  Paola Gazzola,et al.  SEA effectiveness criteria—equally valid in all countries? The case of Italy , 2006 .

[8]  Amy Rosenfeld Sweeting,et al.  Lightening the lode : a guide to responsible large-scale mining , 2000 .

[9]  Angus Morrison-Saunders,et al.  Conceptualising sustainability assessment , 2004 .

[10]  K. Wallace Classification of ecosystem services: Problems and solutions , 2007 .

[11]  Angus Morrison-Saunders,et al.  Environmental impact assessment follow-up: good practice and future directions — findings from a workshop at the IAIA 2000 conference , 2001 .

[12]  Holger Dalkmann,et al.  DECISION MAKING AND STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT , 2001 .

[13]  J. P. Grime,et al.  Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Current Knowledge and Future Challenges , 2001, Science.

[14]  William R. Sheate,et al.  Road Developments in the UK: An Analysis of Ecological Assessment in Environmental Impact Statements Produced between 1993 and 1997 , 2000 .

[15]  Arias,et al.  Costa Rica - Forest strategy and the evolution of land use , 2000 .

[16]  R. D. Groot,et al.  Spatial scales, stakeholders and the valuation of ecosystem services , 2006 .

[17]  D. Geneletti Some common shortcomings in the treatment of impacts of linear infrastructures on natural habitat , 2006 .

[18]  J. Kellenberg,et al.  Program of Payments for Ecological Services in Costa Rica , 2002 .

[19]  M. Loreau,et al.  Biodiversity and ecosystem productivity in a fluctuating environment: the insurance hypothesis. , 1999, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[20]  A. Watt,et al.  Pattern and process in the plant community , 1947 .

[21]  Tuija Hilding-Rydevik,et al.  Context awareness and sensitivity in SEA implementation , 2007 .

[22]  Ioannis Karakassis,et al.  Evaluation of the EIA system performance in Greece, using quality indicators , 2006 .

[23]  Frans van Waarden,et al.  Dimensions and types of policy networks , 1992 .

[24]  R. Noss Indicators for Monitoring Biodiversity: A Hierarchical Approach , 1990 .

[25]  R. Moss,et al.  Ecosystems and human well-being: a framework for assessment , 2003 .

[26]  Norman Lee,et al.  Bridging the Gap Between Theory and Practice in Integrated Assessment , 2006 .

[27]  William D. Nordhaus,et al.  A Review of the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change , 2007 .

[28]  Julie Thompson Klein,et al.  Crossing Boundaries: Knowledge, Disciplinarities, and Interdisciplinarities , 1996 .

[29]  D. Lindenmayer Wildlife Corridors and the Mitigation of Logging Impacts on Fauna in Wood-Production Forests in South-Eastern Australia: a Review. , 1994 .

[30]  Eran Feitelson,et al.  Planning for Biodiversity: the Role of Ecological Impact Assessment , 2005 .

[31]  Kerry ten Kate,et al.  Biodiversity offsets : views, experience, and the business case , 2004 .

[32]  K. Redford,et al.  Contested relationships between biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation , 2003, Oryx.

[33]  T. Brooks,et al.  Habitat Loss and Extinction in the Hotspots of Biodiversity , 2002 .

[34]  Lenore Fahrig,et al.  Relative Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Extinction , 1997 .

[35]  R. Slootweg,et al.  DRAINFRAME as a tool for integrated strategic environmental assessment: lessons from practice , 2007 .

[36]  M. Pautasso,et al.  Scale dependence of the correlation between human population presence and vertebrate and plant species richness. , 2007, Ecology letters.

[37]  U. Mörtberg,et al.  Biodiversity in environmental assessment—current practice and tools for prediction , 2006 .

[38]  P. Reich,et al.  The Influence of Functional Diversity and Composition on Ecosystem Processes , 1997 .

[39]  Davide Geneletti,et al.  Ecological evaluation for environmental impact assessment , 2002 .

[40]  S. Carpenter,et al.  Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Research Needs , 2006, Science.

[41]  Paul G. Risser,et al.  Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function , 1995 .

[42]  F. Chapin,et al.  EFFECTS OF BIODIVERSITY ON ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING: A CONSENSUS OF CURRENT KNOWLEDGE , 2005 .

[43]  Dan Brockington,et al.  Injustice and Conservation - is 'Local Support' Necessary for Sustainable Protected Areas , 2003 .

[44]  J. Bengtsson Which species? What kind of diversity? Which ecosystem function? Some problems in studies of relations between biodiversity and ecosystem function , 1998 .

[45]  H. Cesar,et al.  Economic Valuation of the Coral Reefs of Hawai'i , 2004 .

[46]  Gretchen C Daily,et al.  Economic value of tropical forest to coffee production. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[47]  Sumeet Saksena,et al.  Time allocation and fuel usage in three villages of the Garhwal Himalaya, India. , 1995 .

[48]  Roel Slootweg,et al.  Biodiversity assessment framework: making biodiversity part of corporate social responsibility , 2005 .

[49]  Matti Kamppinen,et al.  Integrating biodiversity into decision making , 2004, Biodiversity & Conservation.

[50]  E. Leknes,et al.  The roles of EIA in the decision-making process , 2001 .

[51]  Alberto Garrido,et al.  An economic appraisal of the Spanish national hydrological plan 1 , 2003 .

[52]  A. Hamilton,et al.  Medicinal plants, conservation and livelihoods , 2004, Biodiversity & Conservation.

[53]  Hens Runhaar,et al.  What makes strategic environmental assessment successful environmental assessment? The role of context in the contribution of SEA to decision-making , 2007 .

[54]  R. Mittermeier,et al.  Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities , 2000, Nature.

[55]  N. Stern,et al.  REFLECTIONS ON THE STERN REVIEW (2) A Growing International Opportunity to Move Strongly on Climate Change , 2007 .

[56]  Paul R. Carlile,et al.  A Pragmatic View of Knowledge and Boundaries: Boundary Objects in New Product Development , 2002, Organ. Sci..

[57]  Ilana Löwy,et al.  The Strength of Loose Concepts — Boundary Concepts, Federative Experimental Strategies and Disciplinary Growth: The Case of Immunology , 1992 .

[58]  Bradley J. Cardinale,et al.  Effects of biodiversity on the functioning of trophic groups and ecosystems , 2006, Nature.

[59]  J. Treweek,et al.  PRINCIPLES FOR THE USE OF STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AS A TOOL FOR PROMOTING THE CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF BIODIVERSITY , 2005 .

[60]  A. Lugo,et al.  Effects of Changes in Biodiversity on Ecosystem Function in Tropical Forests , 1996 .

[61]  S. Wunder Poverty Alleviation and Tropical Forests—What Scope for Synergies? , 2001 .

[62]  Larry W. Canter,et al.  Environmental Impact Assessment , 1995 .

[63]  P. Ehrlich Key issues for attention from ecological economists1 , 2008, Environment and Development Economics.

[64]  Davide Geneletti,et al.  Incorporating biodiversity assets in spatial planning: Methodological proposal and development of a planning support system , 2008 .

[65]  B. Agarwal The Gender and Environment Debate: Lessons from India , 2019, Population and Environment.

[66]  Ecological and Economic Risk Analysis of Everglades: Phase I Restoration Alternatives , 1998 .

[67]  U. Mörtberg,et al.  IMPACTS OF REGION-WIDE URBAN DEVELOPMENT ON BIODIVERSITY IN STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT , 2005 .

[68]  Francois Retief,et al.  A performance evaluation of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) processes within the South African context , 2007 .

[69]  Joe Weston,et al.  EIA, Decision-making Theory and Screening and Scoping in UK Practice , 2000 .

[70]  S. Downward,et al.  An assessment of Spain's Programa AGUA and its implications for sustainable water management in the province of Almería, southeast Spain. , 2007, Journal of environmental management.

[71]  Samuel F. Atkinson,et al.  Treatment of biodiversity impacts in a sample of US environmental impact statements , 2000 .

[72]  David W. Cash,et al.  Knowledge systems for sustainable development , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[73]  M. Sherrington Biodiversity assessment in the Oil Sands region, northeastern Alberta, Canada , 2005 .

[74]  J. Klein,et al.  Interdisciplinarity: History, Theory, and Practice. , 1991 .

[75]  Jamie Mackee,et al.  Towards SEA for the developing nations of Asia , 2003 .

[76]  Dilys Roe,et al.  Poverty reduction and biodiversity conservation: rebuilding the bridges , 2004, Oryx.

[77]  E. Wollenberg,et al.  Linking Livelihoods and Conservation: A Conceptual Framework and Scale for Assessing the Integration of Human Needs and Biodiversity , 2000 .

[78]  P. V. Beukering,et al.  Economic analysis of marine managed areas in the main Hawaiian Islands , 2004 .

[79]  J. Treweek,et al.  Ecological Impact Assessment , 1999 .

[80]  G. Sánchez‐Azofeifa,et al.  Costa Rica's Payment for Environmental Services Program: Intention, Implementation, and Impact , 2007, Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology.

[81]  Mutasem El-Fadel,et al.  Comparative assessment of EIA systems in MENA countries: challenges and prospects , 2004 .

[82]  John Turnpenny,et al.  A FRAMEWORK FOR TOOL SELECTION AND USE IN INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT , 2007 .

[83]  Ralf Buckley,et al.  Scientific quality of tourism environmental impact assessment , 1998 .

[84]  A. Skidmore,et al.  Mapping habitat and biological diversity in the Maasai Mara ecosystem , 2003 .

[85]  Eran Feitelson,et al.  Issues and dilemmas in ecological scoping: scientific, procedural and economic perspectives , 2005 .

[86]  W. Michael Hanemann,et al.  Valuing the Environment through Contingent Valuation , 1994 .

[87]  L. Bodkin Carbon Monoxide and Smog: Smoking and Driving Don't Mix , 1974 .

[88]  K. J. Canters,et al.  Guidelines for ecological compensation associated with highways , 1999 .

[89]  A. Lehmann,et al.  Assessing New Zealand fern diversity from spatial predictions of species assemblages , 2002, Biodiversity & Conservation.

[90]  J. Padilla,et al.  Preservation or Conversion? Valuation and Evaluation of a Mangrove forest in the Philippines , 1999 .

[91]  J. Hansen,et al.  Defusing the global warming time bomb. , 2004, Scientific American.

[92]  N. Stern,et al.  Climate Change: Risk, Ethics, and the Stern Review , 2007, Science.

[93]  Otto T. Solbrig The origin and function of biodiversity , 1991 .

[94]  Larry W. Canter,et al.  Impact significance determination--Basic considerations and a sequenced approach , 1993 .

[95]  P. Kareiva,et al.  Conserving biodiversity coldspots: recent calls to direct conservation funding to the world's biodiversity hotspots may be bad investment advice. , 2003 .

[96]  R. McKitrick,et al.  The Stern Review: A Dual Critique. Part II: Economic Aspects , 2006 .

[97]  E. Sanderson,et al.  The Human Footprint and the Last of the Wild , 2002 .

[98]  P. Ehrlich,et al.  Biodiversity Studies: Science and Policy , 1991, Science.

[99]  N. Landell-Mills,et al.  Silver bullet or fools' gold? A global review of markets for forest environmental services and their impact on the poor. , 2002 .

[100]  Teja Tscharntke,et al.  Beta diversity at different spatial scales: plant communities in organic and conventional agriculture. , 2006, Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America.

[101]  Jason T Quigley,et al.  Effectiveness of Fish Habitat Compensation in Canada in Achieving No Net Loss , 2006, Environmental management.

[102]  M. Ramesh,et al.  Policy Subsystem Configurations and Policy Change: Operationalizing the Postpositivist Analysis of the Politics of the Policy process , 1998 .

[103]  W. Adams Against Extinction: The Story of Conservation , 2004 .

[104]  W. Thissen,et al.  Rationality in decision- and policy-making: implications for strategic environmental assessment , 2000 .

[105]  Carl Folke,et al.  Water RATs (Resilience, Adaptability, and Transformability) in Lake and Wetland Social-Ecological Systems , 2006 .

[106]  Riki Therivel,et al.  The strategic environmental assessment directive in the UK: 1year onwards , 2006 .

[107]  T. Goldschmidt,et al.  Darwin's dreampond : drama in Lake Victoria , 1997 .

[108]  R. Cowell Environmental Compensation and the Mediation of Environmental Change: Making Capital out of Cardiff Bay , 2000 .

[109]  N. Myers,et al.  Environmental services of biodiversity. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[110]  Lauretta Burke,et al.  Reefs at Risk in the Caribbean , 2004 .

[111]  Robert Cameron Mitchell,et al.  Using Surveys to Value Public Goods: The Contingent Valuation Method , 1989 .

[112]  J. Mcneely Using economic instruments to overcome obstacles to in situ conservation of biodiversity. , 2006, Integrative zoology.

[113]  D. Victor,et al.  Biodiversity Since Rio: The Future of the Convention on Biological Diversity , 1996 .

[114]  D. Haydon,et al.  Alternative stable states in ecology , 2003 .

[115]  D. B. Dalal-Clayton,et al.  Strategic Environmental Assessment: A Sourcebook and Reference Guide to International Experience , 2005 .

[116]  Maria Rosário Partidário,et al.  Scales and associated data — What is enough for SEA needs? , 2007 .

[117]  D. Simberloff,et al.  BIOTIC INVASIONS: CAUSES, EPIDEMIOLOGY, GLOBAL CONSEQUENCES, AND CONTROL , 2000 .

[118]  Dennis Anderson,et al.  Right for the Right Reasons A final rejoinder on the Stern Review , 2007 .

[119]  Richard S. J. Tol,et al.  A stern reply to the reply to the review of the stern review , 1985 .

[120]  P. Folgarait Ant biodiversity and its relationship to ecosystem functioning: a review , 1998, Biodiversity & Conservation.

[121]  Meinhard Doelle,et al.  Time for a new approach to public participation in EA: Promoting cooperation and consensus for sustainability , 2006 .

[122]  D. D. Groot Functions of Nature: Evaluation of Nature in Environmental Planning, Management and Decision Making , 1992, Polar Record.

[123]  J. Dixon,et al.  Meeting ecological and economic goals: marine parks in the Caribbean , 1993 .

[124]  S. Nooteboom Impact assessment procedures for sustainable development: A complexity theory perspective , 2007 .

[125]  A Tanaka CHANGING ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION IN JAPAN , 2001 .

[126]  Christian Pohl,et al.  Transdisciplinary collaboration in environmental research , 2005 .

[127]  J. Ghazoul Recognising the Complexities of Ecosystem Management and the Ecosystem Service Concept , 2007 .

[128]  H. Daly,et al.  Natural Capital and Sustainable Development , 1992 .

[129]  A. Freeman,et al.  The measurement of environmental and resource values , 1992 .

[130]  John W. Day,et al.  River basin management and delta sustainability: A commentary on the Ebro Delta and the Spanish National Hydrological Plan , 2006 .

[131]  D. Pritchard International biodiversity-related treaties and impact assessment — how can they help each other? , 2005 .

[132]  L. McKinney,et al.  When biologists and engineers collide: Habitat conservation planning in the middle of urbanized development , 1996, Environmental management.

[133]  Shardul Agrawala,et al.  Structural and Process History of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , 1998 .

[134]  David B. Roy,et al.  Scope for strategic ecological assessment of trunk-road development in England with respect to potential impacts on lowland heathland, the Dartford warbler (Sylvia undata) and the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) , 1998 .

[135]  R. Whittaker Evolution and measurement of species diversity , 1972 .

[136]  R. Griffiths,et al.  Evaluation of translocation as a tool for mitigating development threats to great crested newts (Triturus cristatus) in England, 1990–2001 , 2005 .

[137]  J. Dixon,et al.  Ecology and Microeconomics as "Joint Products": The Bonaire Marine Park in the Caribbean , 1993 .

[138]  Robert K. Davis Recreation Planning as an Economic Problem , 1963 .

[139]  T. Rood,et al.  Biodiversity and Socioeconomic Impacts of Selected Agro-Commodity Production Systems , 2007 .

[140]  J. R. Treweek,et al.  Ecology and environmental impact assessment , 1996 .

[141]  Mary E. Madison,et al.  From Land marks to Landscapes: A Review of Current Practices in the Transfer of Development Rights , 1997 .

[142]  S. Scherr,et al.  Markets for Biodiversity Services: Potential Roles and Challenges , 2004 .

[143]  Peter Kareiva,et al.  Conserving Biodiversity Coldspots , 2003, American Scientist.

[144]  K. Schmidt-Soltau,et al.  Poverty Risks and National Parks: Policy Issues in Conservation and Resettlement , 2006 .

[145]  Chris Hope,et al.  REFLECTIONS ON THE STERN REVIEW (1) A Robust Case for Strong Action to Reduce the Risks of Climate Change , 2007 .

[146]  Antonio Valero,et al.  The economic unsustainability of the Spanish national hydrological plan , 2003 .

[147]  Walter V. Reid,et al.  Investments Toward Sustainable Development , 2006, Science.

[148]  Kuntala Lahiri-Dutt,et al.  Engendering Mining Communities: Examining the Missing Gender Concerns in Coal Mining Displacement and Rehabilitation in India , 2006 .

[149]  Ytsen Deelstra,et al.  Using knowledge for decision-making purposes in the context of large projects in The Netherlands , 2003 .

[150]  Géke Kuiper Compensation of environmental degradation by highways: a Dutch case study , 1997 .

[151]  Peter Hills,et al.  Impacts of the economic-political reform on environmental impact assessment implementation in China , 2002 .

[152]  S. Díaz,et al.  Biodiversity Loss Threatens Human Well-Being , 2006, PLoS biology.

[153]  Christopher Wood,et al.  Environmental Impact Assessment: A Comparative Review , 1995 .

[154]  A. S. uiterkamp,et al.  Use of Animal Species Data in Environmental Impact Assessments , 2005, Environmental management.

[155]  W. Stephens,et al.  Why has the uptake of decision support systems been so poor , 2002 .

[156]  S. Sanderson The Future of Conservation , 2002 .

[157]  Tracey Nitz,et al.  SEA MUST LEARN HOW POLICY MAKING WORKS , 2001 .

[158]  David H. Getches Spain's Ebro river transfers: Test case for water policy in the European Union , 2003 .

[159]  G. Heal,et al.  Economic returns from the biosphere , 1998, Nature.

[160]  R. Forman,et al.  Estimate of the Area Affected Ecologically by the Road System in the United States , 2000 .

[161]  G. Wiegleb,et al.  Assessing Biodiversity in SEA , 2005 .

[162]  Sang-Don Lee,et al.  STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENT ASSESSMENT AND BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN THE KOREAN HIGH-SPEED RAILWAY PROJECT , 2005 .

[163]  Asit K. Biswas,et al.  An assessment of the Spanish national hydrological plan , 2003 .

[164]  Richard S. J. Tol,et al.  A Review of the Stern Review , 2006 .

[165]  N. Prat,et al.  The environmental impact of the Spanish national hydrological plan on the lower Ebro river and delta , 2003 .

[166]  M. Novacek,et al.  The current biodiversity extinction event: Scenarios for mitigation and recovery , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[167]  Lars Emmelin EIA follow up , 2007 .

[168]  P. V. Beukering,et al.  Economic Valuation of Mangrove Ecosystems: Potential and Limitations , 1997 .

[169]  Jacqueline Peel,et al.  The Precautionary Principle in Practice: Environmental Decision-Making and Scientific Uncertainty , 2005 .

[170]  Martin L. Weitzman,et al.  Conflicts and Choices in Biodiversity Preservation , 1998 .

[171]  R. Bhaskar,et al.  The Possibility of Naturalism: A Philosophical Critique of the Contemporary Human Sciences , 1979 .

[172]  Aleg Cherp,et al.  DEALING WITH CONTINUOUS REFORM: TOWARDS ADAPTIVE EA POLICY SYSTEMS IN COUNTRIES IN TRANSITION , 2003 .

[173]  P. Blaikie,et al.  Biodiversity and human welfare , 1996 .

[174]  F. Vanclay,et al.  Integrating environmental and social impact assessment , 2003 .

[175]  C. Pyke The Implications of Global Priorities for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Associated with Protected Areas , 2007 .

[176]  W. Wende,et al.  Evaluation of the effectiveness and quality of environmental impact assessment in the Federal Republic of Germany , 2002 .

[177]  Sean Kehoe,et al.  Recombinase technology: applications and possibilities , 2010, Plant Cell Reports.

[178]  T. Swanson Conserving global biological diversity by encouraging alternative development paths: can development coexist with diversity? , 2004, Biodiversity & Conservation.

[179]  J. R. Treweek,et al.  The Ecological Component of Environmental Impact Assessment: A Critical Review of British Environmental Statements , 1997 .

[180]  Frank Vanclay,et al.  Function evaluation as a framework for the integration of social and environmental impact assessment , 2001 .

[181]  David Hulme,et al.  Communities, wildlife and the 'new conservation' in Africa , 1999 .

[182]  A. Kolhoff,et al.  A generic approach to integrate biodiversity considerations in screening and scoping for EIA , 2003 .

[183]  Anders Ellegård,et al.  Experiences from five years of using the biotope method, a tool for quantitative biodiversity impact assessment , 2005 .

[184]  N. Stern The Economics of Climate Change: Implications of Climate Change for Development , 2007 .

[185]  G. Edwards‐Jones,et al.  A REVIEW OF THE QUALITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTS IN THE SCOTTISH FOREST SECTOR , 1999 .

[186]  R. Janssen,et al.  Use of environmental functions to communicate the values of a mangrove ecosystem under different management regimes , 1998 .

[187]  A. Bunting 7. The pleasures of diversity , 1990 .

[188]  Antonio Embid,et al.  The transfer from the Ebro basin to the Mediterranean basins as a decision of the 2001 national hydrological plan: The main problems posed , 2003 .

[189]  Aleh Cherp,et al.  EA legislation and practice in Central and Eastern Europe and the former USSR: A comparative analysis , 2001 .

[190]  J. Walter Milon,et al.  Latent preferences and valuation of wetland ecosystem restoration , 2006 .

[191]  William C. Clark,et al.  From the Environment and Human Security to Sustainable Security and Development , 2003 .

[192]  John P. Robinson,et al.  Integrating climate change and sustainable development , 2001 .

[193]  Andrew Sayer,et al.  Method in Social Science: A Realist Approach , 1984 .

[194]  P. Raven,et al.  Biodiversity: Extinction by numbers , 2000, Nature.

[195]  Thomas Elmqvist,et al.  Scale Mismatches in Management of Urban Landscapes , 2006 .

[196]  K. Chomitz,et al.  Financing Environmental Services: The Costa Rican Experience and its Implications , 1999 .

[197]  Jason D. Hoeksema,et al.  Linking biodiversity to ecosystem function: implications for conservation ecology , 2000, Oecologia.

[198]  M. Cernea,et al.  Understanding and Preventing Impoverishment from Displacement: Reflections on the State of Knowledge , 1995 .

[199]  J. Fox,et al.  Status of Species Conservation Banking in the United States , 2005 .

[200]  E. Bennett Hunting of Wildlife in Tropical Forests : Implications for Biodiversity and Forest Peoples , 2000 .

[201]  O. Bina A critical review of the dominant lines of argumentation on the need for strategic environmental assessment , 2007 .

[202]  R. Herrera,et al.  STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT: THE NEED TO TRANSFORM THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PARADIGMS , 2007 .

[203]  Noel E. Davidson,et al.  Valuing Wetlands: guidance for valuing the benefits derived from wetland ecosystem services , 2006 .

[204]  Jason T Quigley,et al.  Compliance with Canada’s Fisheries Act: A Field Audit of Habitat Compensation Projects , 2006, Environmental management.

[205]  Nick Johnstone,et al.  Ex Post Evaluation of Tradeable Permits , 2004 .

[206]  R. B. Jackson,et al.  Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. , 2000, Science.

[207]  Thomas Fischer,et al.  What is Wrong with EIA and SEA anyway , 2006 .

[208]  A. Driver,et al.  Systematic conservation planning in the cape floristic region and succulent Karoo, South Africa: enabling sound spatial planning and improved environmental assessment , 2005 .

[209]  Robert B. Gibson From Wreck Cove to Voisey's Bay: the evolution of federal environmental assessment in Canada , 2002 .

[210]  R. Howitt Some economic lessons from past hydrological projects and applications to the Ebro river transfer proposal , 2003 .

[211]  Jay Shankar Singh,et al.  The biodiversity crisis: A multifaceted review , 2002 .

[212]  A. Chaker,et al.  A review of strategic environmental assessment in 12 selected countries , 2006 .

[213]  The Stern Review: Implications for Climate Change , 2007 .

[214]  J. W. Maurits La Rivière,et al.  Threats to the World's Water. , 1989 .

[215]  Tarja Söderman,et al.  Treatment of biodiversity issues in Finnish environmental impact assessment , 2005 .

[216]  D. Wilcove,et al.  QUANTIFYING THREATS TO IMPERILED SPECIES IN THE UNITED STATES , 1998 .

[217]  P. Christensen,et al.  EIA as Regulation: Does it Work? , 2005 .

[218]  W. Groot Environmental Science Theory: Concepts and Methods in a One-World, Problem-Oriented Paradigm , 1992 .

[219]  P. V. Beukering,et al.  The Economic and Ecological Effects of Water Management Choices in the Upper Niger River: Development of Decision Support Methods , 2006 .

[220]  D. Purnama Reform of the EIA process in Indonesia: improving the role of public involvement , 2003 .

[221]  Susan Leigh Star,et al.  Institutional Ecology, `Translations' and Boundary Objects: Amateurs and Professionals in Berkeley's Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 1907-39 , 1989 .

[222]  C. Wood,et al.  An evaluation of the Hong Kong environmental impact assessment system , 1999 .

[223]  J. R. Treweek,et al.  Ecological assessment of proposed road developments: a review of environmental statements , 1993 .

[224]  C. S. Holling,et al.  Resilience, Adaptability and Transformability in Social–ecological Systems , 2004 .

[225]  James H Brown,et al.  Species Invasions Exceed Extinctions on Islands Worldwide: A Comparative Study of Plants and Birds , 2002, The American Naturalist.

[226]  Safwat Abdeldayem,et al.  Agricultural drainage: Towards an integrated approach , 2005 .

[227]  Minna Kaljonen,et al.  Views on planning and expectations of SEA: the case of transport planning , 2004 .

[228]  R. Ridker Economic costs of air pollution : studies in measurement , 1967 .

[229]  Robert B. Gibson,et al.  STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AS A MEANS OF PURSUING SUSTAINABILITY: TEN ADVANTAGES AND TEN CHALLENGES , 2001 .

[230]  M. Howlett,et al.  Studying Public Policy: Policy Cycles and Policy Subsystems , 1996 .

[231]  Matthew Asa Cashmore,et al.  DECISION-ORIENTED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF ITS THEORY AND METHODS , 2006 .