Different optimization strategies for the optimal control of tumor growth

Mutations is the major consequence of abnormal behavior of the genetic material DNA. Mutations affect normal growth and division i.e., mutations cause uncontrollable growth of cells, these mutations are caused by two reasons which are the signals telling cells to begin dividing are left on continuously or growth suppressing signals telling cells not divide are turned off [19]. The process starts from an evolutionary process which may give rise to abnormal DNA when a cell duplicates its genome due to defects in tumor suppressor or DNA mismatch repair genes. Tumors releases hormones that alter body function, they can grow and interfere with the digestive, nervous and circulatory systems, they can also invade nearly tissues and successfully spread to other parts of the body and grow, these tumors are of malignant type, whereas benign tumors are not cancerous and not spread to other parts of the body.