Low root‐to‐root transmission of a tobamovirus, yellow tailflower mild mottle virus, and resilience of its virions

Tobamoviruses are serious pathogens because they have extremely stable virions, they are transmitted by contact, and they often induce severe disease in crops. Knowledge of the routes of transmission and resilience of tobamovirus virions is essential in understanding the epidemiology of this group of viruses. We used an isolate of the tobamovirus yellow tailflower mild mottle virus (YTMMV) to examine root-to-root transmission in soil and in a hydroponic growth environment. Root-to-root transmission occurred rarely, and when it occurred plants did not exhibit systemic movement of the virus from the roots to the shoots over a 30-day period. The resilience of YTMMV virions was tested in dried leaf tissue over time periods from one hour to one year under temperatures ranging from -80°C to 160°C. Infectivity was maintained for at least a year when incubated at -80°C, 22°C or at fluctuating ambient temperatures of 0.8°C to 44.4°C, but incubation under dry conditions at 160°C for >4 days eliminated infectivity. Exposure of virions to 0.1 M sodium hydroxide or 20% w/v skim milk solution for 30 min, treatments recommended for tobamovirus inactivation, did not abolish infectivity of YTMMV.

[1]  Hua Li,et al.  Evolution of a wild-plant tobamovirus passaged through an exotic host: Fixation of mutations and increased replication , 2017, Virus evolution.

[2]  Junxiang Li,et al.  Transmission Efficiency of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus via Seeds, Soil, Pruning and Irrigation Water , 2016 .

[3]  Hua Li,et al.  Yellow tailflower mild mottle virus and Pelargonium zonate spot virus co‐infect a wild plant of red‐striped tailflower in Australia , 2016 .

[4]  A. Dombrovsky,et al.  Seed disinfection treatments do not sufficiently eliminate the infectivity of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) on cucurbit seeds , 2015 .

[5]  Hua Li,et al.  Differential Responses to Virus Challenge of Laboratory and Wild Accessions of Australian Species of Nicotiana, and Comparative Analysis of RDR1 Gene Sequences , 2015, PloS one.

[6]  Z. Abdo,et al.  Evaluation of disinfectants to prevent mechanical transmission of viruses and a viroid in greenhouse tomato production , 2015, Virology Journal.

[7]  P. Liu,et al.  Pollen and seed transmission of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus in cucumber , 2014 .

[8]  Hua Li,et al.  Yellow tailflower mild mottle virus: a new tobamovirus described from Anthocercis littorea (Solanaceae) in Western Australia , 2014, Archives of Virology.

[9]  I. Gutiérrez-Aguirre,et al.  Survival and Transmission of Potato Virus Y, Pepino Mosaic Virus, and Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid in Water , 2013, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[10]  Li-Li Shen,et al.  Suppression of Tobacco Mosaic Virus by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Strain Ba33 , 2013 .

[11]  D. Raoult,et al.  Tobacco mosaic virus in cigarettes and saliva of smokers. , 2012, Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology.

[12]  D. J. Lewandowski,et al.  Surprising Results from a Search for Effective Disinfectants for Tobacco mosaic virus-Contaminated Tools. , 2010, Plant disease.

[13]  M. Sitohy,et al.  Inhibition of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV) using whey proteins , 2010, Virology Journal.

[14]  A. Yordanova,et al.  Prediction of the Preservation of Lyophilized Tobamoviruses , 2005 .

[15]  S. Adkins,et al.  Transmission, In Planta Distribution, and Management of Hibiscus latent Fort Pierce virus, a Novel Tobamovirus Isolated from Florida Hibiscus. , 2004, Plant Disease.

[16]  D. Peters,et al.  Wind-mediated spread of Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) in irrigated rice crops , 2004 .

[17]  C. C. Wan,et al.  Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase, protease and integrase by bovine milk proteins. , 2001, Life sciences.

[18]  P. Salamon,et al.  Investigation on the transmission of some Tobamoviruses by pollen and seed in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) , 2000 .

[19]  K. Ryu,et al.  Chemical degradation of tobacco mosaic virus followed by infectivity assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and gel electrophoresis. , 2000, Acta virologica.

[20]  G. Bachand,et al.  Detection of tomato mosaic tobamovirus RNA in ancient glacial ice , 1999, Polar Biology.

[21]  K. Ryu,et al.  Transmission of tobacco mosaic virus in recirculating hydroponic system , 1999 .

[22]  G. Bachand,et al.  Seasonal Pattern of Tomato Mosaic Tobamovirus Infection and Concentration in Red Spruce Seedlings , 1998, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[23]  M. W. Beijerinck,et al.  CONCERNING A CONTAGIUM VIWM FLUIDUM AS CAUSE OF THE SPOT DISEASE OF TOBACCO LEAVES , 1998 .

[24]  C. Gerba,et al.  Cell culture and PCR determination of poliovirus inactivation by disinfectants , 1994, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[25]  J. Hu,et al.  Transmission, movement and inactivation of cymbidium mosaic and odontoglossum ringspot viruses. , 1994 .

[26]  S. Vani,et al.  Properties of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus isolated from water of river Jamuna , 1993 .

[27]  R. Yolken,et al.  A Human Milk Factor Inhibits Binding of Human Immunodeficiency Virus to the CD4 Receptor , 1992, Pediatric Research.

[28]  V. Jacobi,et al.  Isolation of tomato mosaic virus from waters draining forest stands in New York State , 1991 .

[29]  N. Paludan.  Spread of viruses by recirculated nutrient solutions in soilless cultures. , 1985 .

[30]  J. Dodds,et al.  Isolation and analysis of double-stranded RNA from virus-infected plant and fungal tissue. , 1979 .

[31]  R. LeClair.  Recovery of culturable tobacco mosaic virus from sputum and thoracentesis fluids obtained from cigarette smokers with a history of pulmonary disease. , 1967, American Review of Respiratory Disease.

[32]  I. Milinkó.  CONTROL OF TMV IN TOMATOES , 1966 .

[33]  L. Denby,et al.  THE EFFECT OF TOBACCO MOSAIC ON THE YIELD OF FIELD TOMATOES AS INFLUENCED BY SPRAYS OF MILK AND DOSS , 1963 .

[34]  W. S. Chelack,et al.  WHEY AS AN INHIBITOR OF STRIPE MOSAIC OF BARLEY , 1960 .

[35]  F. Nitzany.  Tests for tobacco mosaic virus inactivation on tomato trellis wires. , 1960 .

[36]  N. Crowley.  The use of skim milk in preventing the infection of glass-house tomatoes by tobacco mosaic virus. , 1958 .

[37]  A. Miret,et al.  Virus diseases of cucumbers in Puerto Rico. , 1950 .

[38]  J. Caldwell.  The Physiology of Virus Diseases in Plants: V. The Movement of the Virus Agent in Tobacco and Tomato , 1934 .

[39]  J. Caldwell.  The Physiology of Virus Diseases in Plants: II. Further Studies on the movement of mosaic in the Tomato Plant1 , 1931 .