Mapping the basal ganglia

Objective: To noninvasively investigate the somatotopy of the basal ganglia in humans. Methods: Functional MRI, 1.5-T, was performed on six normal right-handed volunteers during simple acoustically paced motor tasks involving the right hand, foot, and face. Results: In a single-subject analysis, statistical parametric maps showed overlapping activation extending along the anteroposterior extent of the left lentiform nucleus (LLN) for the hand, foot, and face representations. Within the LLN, the centers of gravity of each body part, reflecting both the extent and gradient of activation, were all located in the retrocommissural portion of the putamen. Their spatial relationship followed a similar pattern across subjects—face was medial to toes and fingers, toes were dorsal and rostral to fingers. Conclusions: The somatotopic organization of hand, face, and foot representation in the human lentiform nucleus suggests a triangular pattern, rather than the linear pattern seen in primate studies. The overlap observed between the distinct body parts differs from the cortical sensorimotor representation, indicating a different organizational concept of the basal ganglia.

[1]  R. C. Oldfield.  The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory. , 1971, Neuropsychologia.

[2]  S. L. Liles.  Cortico-striatal evoked potentials in the monkey (Macaca mulatta). , 1975, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[3]  H. Künzle.  Bilateral projections from precentral motor cortex to the putamen and other parts of the basal ganglia. An autoradiographic study inMacaca fascicularis , 1975, Brain Research.

[4]  G. E. Alexander,et al.  Microstimulation of the primate neostriatum. I. Physiological properties of striatal microexcitable zones. , 1985, Journal of neurophysiology.

[5]  G. E. Alexander,et al.  Microstimulation of the primate neostriatum. II. Somatotopic organization of striatal microexcitable zones and their relation to neuronal response properties. , 1985, Journal of neurophysiology.

[6]  G. E. Alexander,et al.  Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. , 1986, Annual review of neuroscience.

[7]  A. Crossman.  Neural mechanisms in disorders of movement. , 1989, Comparative biochemistry and physiology. A, Comparative physiology.

[8]  D. Tank,et al.  Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation. , 1990, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[9]  S. Ogawa.  Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast-dependent oxygenation , 1990 .

[10]  J. Mazziotta,et al.  Automated image registration , 1993 .

[11]  A. Graybiel,et al.  Two input systems for body representations in the primate striatal matrix: experimental evidence in the squirrel monkey , 1993, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[12]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  Statistical parametric maps in functional imaging: A general linear approach , 1994 .

[13]  D. Brooks.  The role of the basal ganglia in motor control: contributions from PET , 1995, Journal of the Neurological Sciences.

[14]  T. Baumann,et al.  Characteristics and somatotopic organization of kinesthetic cells in the globus pallidus of patients with Parkinson's disease. , 1996, Journal of neurosurgery.

[15]  K. Wessel,et al.  Somatotopic motor representation in the human anterior cerebellum. A high-resolution functional MRI study. , 1996, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[16]  R A Bakay,et al.  Microelectrode-guided pallidotomy: technical approach and its application in medically intractable Parkinson's disease. , 1998, Journal of neurosurgery.

[17]  J R Reichenbach,et al.  Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the basal ganglia and cerebellum using a simple motor paradigm. , 1998, Magnetic resonance imaging.

[18]  S. Lehéricy,et al.  Somatotopical organization of striatal activation during finger and toe movement: A 3‐T functional magnetic resonance imaging study , 1998, Annals of neurology.

[19]  G. Glover,et al.  Differential activation of dorsal basal ganglia during externally and self paced sequences of arm movements. , 1998 .

[20]  Scott T. Grafton,et al.  Automated image registration: I. General methods and intrasubject, intramodality validation. , 1998, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[21]  M. Jüptner,et al.  A review of differences between basal ganglia and cerebellar control of movements as revealed by functional imaging studies. , 1998, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[22]  Chemotherapy for Advanced Esthesioneuroblastoma: The Mayo Clinic Experience , 1998 .

[23]  G. Glover,et al.  Differential Activation of Dorsal Basal Ganglia During Externally and Self Paced Sequences of Arm Movement , 1998, NeuroImage.