Novel approaches to reduce virus-induced inflammation in patients with cardiovascular disease

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic presents an unprecedented challenge and opportunity for translational investigators to rapidly develop safe and effective therapeutic interventions Greater risk of severe disease in COVID-19 patients with comorbid diabetes mellitus, obesity, and heart disease may be attributable to synergistic activation of vascular inflammation pathways associated with both COVID-19 and cardiometabolic disease This mechanistic link provides a scientific framework for translational studies of drugs developed for treatment of cardiometabolic disease as novel therapeutic interventions to mitigate inflammation and improve outcomes in patients with COVID-19

[1]  Y. Tie,et al.  Coronavirus Disease 2019 Case Surveillance — United States, January 22–May 30, 2020 , 2020, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

[2]  P. Davies,et al.  Clinical Characteristics of 58 Children With a Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome Temporally Associated With SARS-CoV-2. , 2020, JAMA.

[3]  P. Zachariah,et al.  Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Related to COVID-19 in Previously Healthy Children and Adolescents in New York City. , 2020, JAMA.

[4]  S. Jagannath,et al.  An inflammatory cytokine signature helps predict COVID-19 severity and death , 2020, medRxiv.

[5]  Leora I. Horwitz,et al.  Factors associated with hospital admission and critical illness among 5279 people with coronavirus disease 2019 in New York City: prospective cohort study , 2020, BMJ.

[6]  Simon A. Jones,et al.  COVID-19 related neuroimaging findings: A signal of thromboembolic complications and a strong prognostic marker of poor patient outcome , 2020, Journal of the Neurological Sciences.

[7]  P. Adab,et al.  Who is most likely to be infected with SARS-CoV-2? , 2020, The Lancet Infectious Diseases.

[8]  Joanna Ellis,et al.  Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 among patients in the Oxford Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Centre primary care network: a cross-sectional study , 2020, The Lancet Infectious Diseases.

[9]  F. Blasi,et al.  Complement activation in patients with COVID-19: A novel therapeutic target , 2020, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[10]  M. Banach,et al.  Anti-inflammatory Action of Statins in Cardiovascular Disease: the Role of Inflammasome and Toll-Like Receptor Pathways , 2020, Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology.

[11]  K. Mertz,et al.  Postmortem examination of COVID‐19 patients reveals diffuse alveolar damage with severe capillary congestion and variegated findings in lungs and other organs suggesting vascular dysfunction , 2020, Histopathology.

[12]  Vasuki H. Dandu,et al.  COVID-19 presenting as stroke , 2020, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity.

[13]  B. V. Van Tassell,et al.  Interleukin-1 and the Inflammasome as Therapeutic Targets in Cardiovascular Disease , 2020, Circulation research.

[14]  P. Fonda-Pascual,et al.  Chilblain‐like lesions on feet and hands during the COVID‐19 Pandemic , 2020, International journal of dermatology.

[15]  P. Moceri,et al.  Myocarditis in a patient with COVID-19: a cause of raised troponin and ECG changes , 2020, The Lancet.

[16]  D. Brodie,et al.  Epidemiology, clinical course, and outcomes of critically ill adults with COVID-19 in New York City: a prospective cohort study , 2020, medRxiv.

[17]  Holger Moch,et al.  Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19 , 2020, The Lancet.

[18]  Binita Shah,et al.  ST-Segment Elevation in Patients with Covid-19 — A Case Series , 2020, The New England journal of medicine.

[19]  Lei Liu,et al.  First case of COVID-19 complicated with fulminant myocarditis: a case report and insights , 2020, Infection.

[20]  J. Q. Brown,et al.  Pulmonary and Cardiac Pathology in Covid-19: The First Autopsy Series from New Orleans , 2020, medRxiv.

[21]  Subha Ghosh,et al.  COVID-19 Autopsies, Oklahoma, USA , 2020, American journal of clinical pathology.

[22]  J. Newman,et al.  Diabetic Agents, From Metformin to SGLT2 Inhibitors and GLP1 Receptor Agonists: JACC Focus Seminar. , 2020, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[23]  Binita Shah,et al.  Effects of Acute Colchicine Administration Prior to Percutaneous Coronary Intervention , 2020, Circulation. Cardiovascular interventions.

[24]  Yi Feng,et al.  The ACE2 expression in human heart indicates new potential mechanism of heart injury among patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 , 2020, Cardiovascular research.

[25]  T. Strabelli,et al.  COVID-19 and the Heart. , 2020, Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia.

[26]  Roberto Maroldi,et al.  Cardiac Involvement in a Patient With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). , 2020, JAMA cardiology.

[27]  Fenglian Ma,et al.  Coronavirus fulminant myocarditis treated with glucocorticoid and human immunoglobulin , 2020, European heart journal.

[28]  H. Breitinger,et al.  Viroporins and inflammasomes: A key to understand virus-induced inflammation , 2020, The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology.

[29]  G. Herrler,et al.  SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor , 2020, Cell.

[30]  Dave L Dixon,et al.  Interleukin‐1 Blockade Inhibits the Acute Inflammatory Response in Patients With ST‐Segment–Elevation Myocardial Infarction , 2020, Journal of the American Heart Association.

[31]  P. Mehta,et al.  COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression , 2020, The Lancet.

[32]  K. Yuen,et al.  Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China , 2020, The New England journal of medicine.

[33]  M. Packer.  Autophagy stimulation and intracellular sodium reduction as mediators of the cardioprotective effect of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors , 2020, European journal of heart failure.

[34]  Yan Zhao,et al.  Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. , 2020, JAMA.

[35]  Kai Zhao,et al.  A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin , 2020, Nature.

[36]  R. Diaz,et al.  Efficacy and Safety of Low-Dose Colchicine after Myocardial Infarction. , 2019, The New England journal of medicine.

[37]  Akshay S. Desai,et al.  Dapagliflozin in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction. , 2019, The New England journal of medicine.

[38]  B. Zinman,et al.  Canagliflozin and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy. , 2019, The New England journal of medicine.

[39]  B. Zinman,et al.  Canagliflozin and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy. , 2019, The New England journal of medicine.

[40]  M. Patti,et al.  SGLT2 inhibition reprograms systemic metabolism via FGF21-dependent and -independent mechanisms. , 2019, JCI insight.

[41]  Deepak L. Bhatt,et al.  Dapagliflozin and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes , 2019, The New England journal of medicine.

[42]  K. Moore,et al.  Targeting inflammation in CVD: advances and challenges , 2018, Nature Reviews Cardiology.

[43]  C. Thiemermann,et al.  Linagliptin Attenuates the Cardiac Dysfunction Associated With Experimental Sepsis in Mice With Pre-existing Type 2 Diabetes by Inhibiting NF-κB , 2018, Front. Immunol..

[44]  M. Mucedda,et al.  Molecular identification of Betacoronavirus in bats from Sardinia (Italy): first detection and phylogeny , 2018, Virus Genes.

[45]  R. Zeiser.  Immune modulatory effects of statins , 2018, Immunology.

[46]  Yu Guo,et al.  Impaired arterial responsiveness in untreated gout patients compared with healthy non-gout controls: association with serum urate and C-reactive protein , 2018, Clinical Rheumatology.

[47]  R. Guthrie.  Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes , 2018, Postgraduate medicine.

[48]  M. Oosting,et al.  Western Diet Triggers NLRP3-Dependent Innate Immune Reprogramming , 2018, Cell.

[49]  J. Holst,et al.  Do we know the true mechanism of action of the DPP‐4 inhibitors? , 2018, Diabetes, obesity & metabolism.

[50]  C. Dinarello.  Overview of the IL‐1 family in innate inflammation and acquired immunity , 2018, Immunological reviews.

[51]  Dave L Dixon,et al.  Interleukin-1 Blockade in Recently Decompensated Systolic Heart Failure: Results From REDHART (Recently Decompensated Heart Failure Anakinra Response Trial) , 2017, Circulation. Heart failure.

[52]  K. Ramana,et al.  Aldose Reductase Mediates NLRP3 Inflammasome‐Initiated Innate Immune Response in Hyperglycemia‐Induced Thp1 Monocytes and Male Mice , 2017, Endocrinology.

[53]  Y. Guan,et al.  Statins Attenuate Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome by Oxidized LDL or TNFα in Vascular Endothelial Cells through a PXR-Dependent Mechanism , 2017, Molecular Pharmacology.

[54]  D. Crispim,et al.  Current role of the NLRP3 inflammasome on obesity and insulin resistance: A systematic review. , 2017, Metabolism: clinical and experimental.

[55]  P. Libby,et al.  Antiinflammatory Therapy with Canakinumab for Atherosclerotic Disease , 2017, The New England journal of medicine.

[56]  T. Münzel,et al.  Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor signalling reduces microvascular thrombosis, nitro‐oxidative stress and platelet activation in endotoxaemic mice , 2017, British journal of pharmacology.

[57]  T. Kanneganti,et al.  Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Immune Complex Priming of the Nlrp3 Inflammasome Involves TLR and FcγR Cooperation and Is Dependent on CARD9 , 2017, The Journal of Immunology.

[58]  M. Sormani,et al.  Effect of Anakinra on Recurrent Pericarditis Among Patients With Colchicine Resistance and Corticosteroid Dependence: The AIRTRIP Randomized Clinical Trial. , 2016, JAMA.

[59]  L. Joosten,et al.  Innate immune cell activation and epigenetic remodeling in symptomatic and asymptomatic atherosclerosis in humans in vivo. , 2016, Atherosclerosis.

[60]  Seamus J. Martin.  Cell death and inflammation: the case for IL‐1 family cytokines as the canonical DAMPs of the immune system , 2016, The FEBS journal.

[61]  L. Ji,et al.  DPP‐4 inhibitors and risk of infections: a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials , 2016, Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews.

[62]  M. Fischereder,et al.  Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes. , 2016, The New England journal of medicine.

[63]  P. Ridker.  From C-Reactive Protein to Interleukin-6 to Interleukin-1: Moving Upstream To Identify Novel Targets for Atheroprotection. , 2016, Circulation research.

[64]  V. Kraus,et al.  Colchicine--Update on mechanisms of action and therapeutic uses. , 2015, Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism.

[65]  D. Solomon,et al.  Effects of colchicine on risk of cardiovascular events and mortality among patients with gout: a cohort study using electronic medical records linked with Medicare claims , 2015, Annals of the rheumatic diseases.

[66]  S. Kalra.  Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter-2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors: A Review of Their Basic and Clinical Pharmacology , 2014, Diabetes Therapy.

[67]  J. Torres,et al.  Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Envelope Protein Ion Channel Activity Promotes Virus Fitness and Pathogenesis , 2014, PLoS pathogens.

[68]  M. Satoh,et al.  NLRP3 inflammasome activation in coronary artery disease: results from prospective and randomized study of treatment with atorvastatin or rosuvastatin. , 2014, Clinical science.

[69]  Y. Zou,et al.  Aldose Reductase Drives Hyperacetylation of Egr-1 in Hyperglycemia and Consequent Upregulation of Proinflammatory and Prothrombotic Signals , 2014, Diabetes.

[70]  P. Libby,et al.  Immune effector mechanisms implicated in atherosclerosis: from mice to humans. , 2013, Immunity.

[71]  R. Santos,et al.  Angiotensin-(1-7): beyond the cardio-renal actions. , 2013, Clinical science.

[72]  J. Eikelboom,et al.  Low-dose colchicine for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. , 2013, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[73]  H. Pircher,et al.  Inhibition of protein geranylgeranylation and farnesylation protects against graft-versus-host disease via effects on CD4 effector T cells , 2013, Haematologica.

[74]  R. Ramasamy,et al.  Aldose reductase, oxidative stress and diabetic cardiovascular complications. , 2012, Cardiovascular & hematological agents in medicinal chemistry.

[75]  E. V. van Gorp,et al.  Review: Viral infections and mechanisms of thrombosis and bleeding† , 2012, Journal of medical virology.

[76]  J. Greenberg,et al.  Colchicine Use Is Associated with Decreased Prevalence of Myocardial Infarction in Patients with Gout , 2012, The Journal of Rheumatology.

[77]  Mark Woodward,et al.  Interleukin-6 receptor pathways in coronary heart disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 82 studies , 2012 .

[78]  N. Plant,et al.  The statin class of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors demonstrate differential activation of the nuclear receptors PXR, CAR and FXR, as well as their downstream target genes , 2011, Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems.

[79]  K. Moore,et al.  Macrophages in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis , 2011, Cell.

[80]  C. Dinarello,et al.  Interleukin-1 in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory diseases. , 2011, Blood.

[81]  M. Su,et al.  GLP-1 signaling preserves cardiac function in endotoxemic Fischer 344 and DPP4-deficient rats , 2010, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology.

[82]  Egil Lien,et al.  NLRP3 inflammasomes are required for atherogenesis and activated by cholesterol crystals , 2010, Nature.

[83]  Ravichandran Ramasamy,et al.  Aldose reductase and cardiovascular diseases, creating human-like diabetic complications in an experimental model. , 2010, Circulation research.

[84]  R. Ramasamy,et al.  Novel Role for Aldose Reductase in Mediating Acute Inflammatory Responses in the Lung1 , 2009, The Journal of Immunology.

[85]  D. Redelmeier,et al.  Influenza Morbidity and Mortality in Elderly Patients Receiving Statins: A Cohort Study , 2009, PloS one.

[86]  B. Skipper,et al.  Influenza and COPD mortality protection as pleiotropic, dose-dependent effects of statins. , 2007, Chest.

[87]  D. Srivastava,et al.  Endotoxin-Induced Cardiomyopathy and Systemic Inflammation in Mice Is Prevented by Aldose Reductase Inhibition , 2006, Circulation.

[88]  F. Martinon,et al.  Gout-associated uric acid crystals activate the NALP3 inflammasome , 2006, Nature.

[89]  C. Ferrario,et al.  Advances in biochemical and functional roles of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and angiotensin-(1–7) in regulation of cardiovascular function , 2005, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[90]  F. Mach,et al.  Statins Reduce Interleukin-6–Induced C-Reactive Protein in Human Hepatocytes: New Evidence for Direct Antiinflammatory Effects of Statins , 2005, Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology.

[91]  N. Hooper,et al.  Evaluation of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), its homologue ACE2 and neprilysin in angiotensin peptide metabolism. , 2004, The Biochemical journal.

[92]  S. Homma,et al.  Central role for aldose reductase pathway in myocardial ischemic injury , 2004, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[93]  F. Mach.  Statins as immunomodulatory agents. , 2004, Circulation.

[94]  Brian F. Johnson,et al.  Cardiac abnormalities in diabetic patients with neuropathy: effects of aldose reductase inhibitor administration. , 2004, Diabetes care.

[95]  Y. Chan,et al.  Short term outcome and risk factors for adverse clinical outcomes in adults with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) , 2003, Thorax.

[96]  Elizabeth Rea,et al.  Clinical features and short-term outcomes of 144 patients with SARS in the greater Toronto area. , 2003, JAMA.

[97]  K. Robison,et al.  A Novel Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme–Related Carboxypeptidase (ACE2) Converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin 1-9 , 2000, Circulation research.

[98]  R. Ramasamy,et al.  Metabolic effects of aldose reductase inhibition during low-flow ischemia and reperfusion. , 1998, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[99]  R. Ramasamy,et al.  Aldose Reductase Inhibition Protects Diabetic and Nondiabetic Rat Hearts from Ischemic Injury , 1997, Diabetes.

[100]  R. Eaton,et al.  Incretin effects of increasing glucose loads in man calculated from venous insulin and C-peptide responses. , 1986, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[101]  H. Prosch,et al.  Infection , 1955, Springer US.

[102]  A. Sahebkar,et al.  Effects of antidiabetic drugs on NLRP3 inflammasome activity, with a focus on diabetic kidneys. , 2019, Drug discovery today.

[103]  F. Porzsolt,et al.  Using machine learning to predict laboratory test results , 2016, Annals of clinical biochemistry.

[104]  W. Schaffner,et al.  Association between use of statins and mortality among patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza virus infections: a multistate study. , 2012, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[105]  K. Ramana,et al.  Aldose reductase: a novel therapeutic target for inflammatory pathologies. , 2010, The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology.