Membranes for Redox Flow Battery Applications

The need for large scale energy storage has become a priority to integrate renewable energy sources into the electricity grid. Redox flow batteries are considered the best option to store electricity from medium to large scale applications. However, the current high cost of redox flow batteries impedes the wide spread adoption of this technology. The membrane is a critical component of redox flow batteries as it determines the performance as well as the economic viability of the batteries. The membrane acts as a separator to prevent cross-mixing of the positive and negative electrolytes, while still allowing the transport of ions to complete the circuit during the passage of current. An ideal membrane should have high ionic conductivity, low water intake and excellent chemical and thermal stability as well as good ionic exchange capacity. Developing a low cost, chemically stable membrane for redox flow cell batteries has been a major focus for many groups around the world in recent years. This paper reviews the research work on membranes for redox flow batteries, in particular for the all-vanadium redox flow battery which has received the most attention.

[1]  Gordon L. Nelson,et al.  Development of new proton exchange membrane electrolytes for water electrolysis at higher temperatures , 1998 .

[2]  Jun Liu,et al.  Chemical and mechanical degradation of sulfonated poly(sulfone) membranes in vanadium redox flow batteries , 2011 .

[3]  Ling Xu,et al.  Amphoteric ion exchange membrane synthesized by radiation-induced graft copolymerization of styrene and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate into PVDF film for vanadium redox flow battery applications , 2009 .

[4]  Yuxin Wang,et al.  Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) membranes for direct methanol fuel cell , 2003 .

[5]  Toraj Mohammadi,et al.  Evaluation of the chemical stability of some membranes in vanadium solution , 1997 .

[6]  Y. Mizutani,et al.  Studies of Ion Exchange Membranes. XVI. The Preparation of Ion Exchange Membranes by the “Paste Method” , 1963 .

[7]  Zhenguo Yang,et al.  Cycling performance and efficiency of sulfonated poly(sulfone) membranes in vanadium redox flow batteries , 2010 .

[8]  R. Paterson.  An introduction to ion exchange , 1970 .

[9]  Chenxi Sun,et al.  Investigations on transfer of water and vanadium ions across Nafion membrane in an operating vanadium redox flow battery , 2010 .

[10]  Jingyu Xi,et al.  Nafion / SiO 2 hybrid membrane for vanadium redox flow battery , 2007 .

[11]  Maria Skyllas-Kazacos,et al.  Progress in Flow Battery Research and Development , 2011 .

[12]  Chris Menictas,et al.  Thermal stability of concentrated V(V) electrolytes in the vanadium redox cell , 1996 .

[13]  Haruhiko Ohya,et al.  Electrical resistivities and permeabilities of composite membranes based on a cation exchange membrane for a redox flow battery , 1990 .

[14]  Maria Skyllas-Kazacos,et al.  Evaluation of membranes for the novel vanadium bromine redox flow cell , 2006 .

[15]  Huamin Zhang,et al.  Ion exchange membranes for vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) applications , 2011 .

[16]  Maria Skyllas-Kazacos,et al.  Electrochemical behaviour of vanadium(V)/vanadium(IV) redox couple at graphite electrodes , 1992 .

[17]  M. Skyllas-Kazacos,et al.  Vanadium redox cell electrolyte optimization studies , 1990 .

[18]  Jianguo Liu,et al.  A significantly improved membrane for vanadium redox flow battery , 2010 .

[19]  G. Gohil,et al.  Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)/polyaniline composite proton-exchange membrane , 2006 .

[20]  X. Jian,et al.  Preparation of chloromethylated/quaternized poly(phthalazinone ether ketone) anion exchange membrane materials for vanadium redox flow battery applications , 2010 .

[21]  Min Xiao,et al.  Sulfonated poly (fluorenyl ether ketone) membrane with embedded silica rich layer and enhanced proton selectivity for vanadium redox flow battery , 2010 .

[22]  Xinping Qiu,et al.  Nafion/organically modified silicate hybrids membrane for vanadium redox flow battery , 2009 .

[23]  B. Tian,et al.  Modification and evaluation of membranes for vanadium redox battery applications , 2004 .

[24]  Toraj Mohammadi,et al.  Characterisation of novel composite membrane for redox flow battery applications , 1995 .

[25]  Maria Skyllas-Kazacos,et al.  Modeling of vanadium ion diffusion across the ion exchange membrane in the vanadium redox battery , 2012 .

[26]  R.L. Largent,et al.  Improved PV system performance using vanadium batteries , 1993, Conference Record of the Twenty Third IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference - 1993 (Cat. No.93CH3283-9).

[27]  Jiangfeng Ni,et al.  Preparation of ETFE-based anion exchange membrane to reduce permeability of vanadium ions in vanadium redox battery , 2007 .

[28]  T. Xu.  Ion exchange membranes: State of their development and perspective , 2005 .

[29]  张华民,et al.  Nafion polyvinylidene fluoride blend membranes with improved ion selectivity for vanadium redox flow battery application , 2011 .

[30]  T. Xu,et al.  Fundamental studies of a new series of anion exchange membranes: membrane preparation and characterization , 2001 .

[31]  Maria Skyllas-Kazacos,et al.  Membrane stability studies for vanadium redox cell applications , 2004 .

[32]  Min Xiao,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of novel sulfonated poly(arylene thioether) ionomers for vanadium redox flow battery applications , 2010 .

[33]  Maria Skyllas-Kazacos,et al.  Characteristics and performance of 1 kW UNSW vanadium redox battery , 1991 .

[34]  Jie Bao,et al.  Dynamic modelling of the effects of ion diffusion and side reactions on the capacity loss for vanadi , 2011 .

[35]  R. Savinell,et al.  Evaluation of a Sol-Gel Derived Nafion/Silica Hybrid Membrane for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Applications: II. Methanol Uptake and Methanol Permeability , 2001 .

[36]  Toraj Mohammadi,et al.  Use of polyelectrolyte for incorporation of ion-exchange groups in composite membranes for vanadium redox flow battery applications , 1995 .

[37]  Antonio Aldaz,et al.  Optimization studies on a Fe/Cr redox flow battery , 1992 .

[38]  Xinping Qiu,et al.  Influences of permeation of vanadium ions through PVDF-g-PSSA membranes on performances of vanadium redox flow batteries. , 2005, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[39]  H. Assender,et al.  Surface modification of ion exchange membrane using amines , 2004 .

[40]  Jinwei Chen,et al.  Studies on polypyrrole modified nafion membrane for vanadium redox flow battery , 2008 .

[41]  Xinping Qiu,et al.  Nafion/SiO2 hybrid membrane for vanadium redox flow battery , 2007 .

[42]  H. Strathmann,et al.  Synthetic Membranes and Their Preparation , 1986 .

[43]  Ahmad Fauzi Ismail,et al.  Physicochemical study of poly(ether ether ketone) electrolyte membranes sulfonated with mixtures of fuming sulfuric acid and sulfuric acid for direct methanol fuel cell application , 2007 .

[44]  Jie Bao,et al.  Thermal modelling of battery configuration and self-discharge reactions in vanadium redox flow battery , 2012 .

[45]  Toraj Mohammadi,et al.  Water transport study across commercial ion exchange membranes in the vanadium redox flow battery , 1997 .

[46]  Jun Liu,et al.  Correlation of structural differences between Nafion/polyaniline and Nafion/polypyrrole composite membranes and observed transport properties , 2011 .

[47]  Toraj Mohammadi,et al.  Modification of anion-exchange membranes for vanadium redox flow battery applications , 1996 .

[48]  V. Rich.  Personal communication , 1989, Nature.

[49]  G. Berardelli.  [Ion exchange resins]. , 1957, Annali di medicina navale.

[50]  Haruhiko Ohya,et al.  Preparation of cation exchange membrane as a separator for the all-vanadium redox flow battery , 1996 .

[51]  A. Zagorodni.  Ion Exchange Materials: Properties and Applications , 2006 .

[52]  D. REICHENBERG,et al.  Ion Exchange , 1959, Nature.

[53]  K. Dorfner,et al.  Ion exchangers; properties and applications , 1972 .

[54]  Maria Skyllas-Kazacos,et al.  Preparation and evaluation of composite membrane for vanadium redox battery applications , 1992 .

[55]  G. Graff,et al.  A Stable Vanadium Redox‐Flow Battery with High Energy Density for Large‐Scale Energy Storage , 2011 .

[56]  Xigao Jian,et al.  Effect of amination agent on the properties of quaternized poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone) anion exchange membrane for vanadium redox flow battery application , 2010 .

[57]  Xinping Qiu,et al.  Self-assembled polyelectrolyte multilayer modified Nafion membrane with suppressed vanadium ion crossover for vanadium redox flow batteries , 2008 .

[58]  M. Hickner,et al.  Alternative polymer systems for proton exchange membranes (PEMs). , 2004, Chemical reviews.

[59]  N. J. Dave,et al.  Studies on interpolymer membranes. Part III. Cation-exchange membranes , 1983 .

[60]  Jing Peng,et al.  Pre-irradiation grafting of styrene and maleic anhydride onto PVDF membrane and subsequent sulfonation for application in vanadium redox batteries , 2008 .

[61]  Zhe Wang,et al.  Preparation and properties of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)s (SPEEK)/polypyrrole composite membranes for direct methanol fuel cells , 2006 .

[62]  R. Savinell,et al.  Evaluation of a Sol-Gel Derived Nafion/Silica Hybrid Membrane for Proton Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Applications: I. Proton Conductivity and Water Content , 2001 .

[63]  Jichu Yang,et al.  Adsorption and Diffusion of VO2+ and VO2 + across Cation Membrane for All‐Vanadium Redox Flow Battery , 2009 .

[64]  Zhen He,et al.  Efficient salt removal in a continuously operated upflow microbial desalination cell with an air cathode. , 2011, Bioresource technology.

[65]  Jing Peng,et al.  Performance of vanadium redox flow battery with a novel amphoteric ion exchange membrane synthesized by two-step grafting method , 2009 .

[66]  Y. Mizutani,et al.  Studies of Ion Exchange Membranes. XXII. Semicontinuous Preparation of Ion Exchange Membranes by the “Paste Method” , 1965 .

[67]  Zhenguo Yang,et al.  Spectroscopic investigations of the fouling process on Nafion membranes in vanadium redox flow batteries , 2011 .

[68]  Min Xiao,et al.  Synthesis and properties of novel sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) ionomers for vanadium redox flow battery , 2010 .

[69]  Toraj Mohammadi,et al.  Preparation of sulfonated composite membrane for vanadium redox flow battery applications , 1995 .

[70]  P. Meares.  Ion Exchange Membranes: Principles, Production and Processes , 1986 .

[71]  Xinping Qiu,et al.  Nafion/organic silica modified TiO2 composite membrane for vanadium redox flow battery via in situ sol–gel reactions , 2009 .

[72]  Faizur Rahman,et al.  Vanadium redox battery: Positive half-cell electrolyte studies , 2009 .

[73]  Huamin Zhang,et al.  Characteristics and performance of 10 kW class all-vanadium redox-flow battery stack , 2006 .

[74]  V. Choudhary,et al.  Sulphonated poly(ether ether ketone) copolymers: Synthesis, characterisation and membrane properties , 2005 .

[75]  M. Mulder.  Phase Inversion Membranes , 2000 .

[76]  Xianfeng Li,et al.  Sulfonated poly(tetramethydiphenyl ether ether ketone) membranes for vanadium redox flow battery application , 2011 .

[77]  R K Nagarale,et al.  Recent developments on ion-exchange membranes and electro-membrane processes. , 2006, Advances in colloid and interface science.

[78]  Robert B. Moore,et al.  State of understanding of nafion. , 2004, Chemical reviews.

[79]  M. Métayer,et al.  Semi-interpenetrating networks (sIPN). Preparation of ion-exchange membranes, using a gaseous crosslinking reagent , 1997 .

[80]  D. Egle.  An Introduction to Ion Exchange. Von R. Paterson. 109 S. Heyden & Son Ltd., London 1970. Engl. Preis: DM 22.50 , 1970 .

[81]  Walter Juda,et al.  COHERENT ION-EXCHANGE GELS AND MEMBRANES , 1950 .

[82]  B. Gupta,et al.  Proton Exchange Membranes by Radiation-Induced Graft Copolymerization of Monomers into Teflon-FEP Films , 1994, CHIMIA.

[83]  Jie Bao,et al.  Thermal modelling and simulation of the all-vanadium redox flow battery , 2012 .

[84]  A. Presland,et al.  Structure of Ion-exchange Membranes , 1966, Nature.

[85]  F. Picchioni,et al.  Ionomeric membranes based on partially sulfonated poly(styrene): synthesis, proton conduction and methanol permeation , 2000 .

[86]  R. Assink.  Fouling mechanism of separator membranes for the iron/chromium redox battery , 1984 .

[87]  H. Ohya,et al.  Crosslinking of anion exchange membrane by accelerated electron radiation as a separator for the all-vanadium redox flow battery , 1997 .

[88]  San Ping Jiang,et al.  Layer‐by‐Layer Self‐Assembly of Composite Polyelectrolyte–Nafion Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells , 2006 .

[89]  E. Fournier.  [Ion exchange resins]. , 1952, La Revue du praticien.

[90]  B. Smitha,et al.  Solid polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel cell applications¿a review , 2005 .

[91]  Min Xiao,et al.  Preparation and properties of sulfonated poly(fluorenyl ether ketone) membrane for vanadium redox flow battery application , 2010 .

[92]  Nanfang Wang,et al.  Nafion/TiO2 hybrid membrane fabricated via hydrothermal method for vanadium redox battery , 2012, Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry.

[93]  B. Tian,et al.  Proton conducting composite membrane from Daramic/Nafion for vanadium redox flow battery , 2004 .

[94]  Robert Y. M. Huang,et al.  Sulfonation of poly(ether ether ketone)(PEEK): Kinetic study and characterization , 2001 .

[95]  Structure and properties of perfluorinated ion-exchange membranes , 1985 .

[96]  D. Sauer,et al.  Nafion Hybrid Membranes for Use in Redox Flow Batteries , 2010 .

[97]  J. E. Cadotte.  Evolution of composite reverse osmosis membranes , 1985 .

[98]  K. Kreuer.  On the development of proton conducting polymer membranes for hydrogen and methanol fuel cells , 2001 .

[99]  Maria Skyllas-Kazacos,et al.  Modification of membranes using polyelectrolytes to improve water transfer properties in the vanadium redox battery , 2003 .

[100]  Jian Chen,et al.  Modification of Nafion membrane using interfacial polymerization for vanadium redox flow battery applications , 2008 .

[101]  S. Moon,et al.  Heterogeneity of Ion-Exchange Membranes: The Effects of Membrane Heterogeneity on Transport Properties. , 2001, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[102]  Zhenguo Yang,et al.  Membrane development for vanadium redox flow batteries. , 2011, ChemSusChem.

[103]  Maria Skyllas-Kazacos,et al.  Water transfer behaviour across cation exchange membranes in the vanadium redox battery , 2003 .

[104]  Akira Shibata,et al.  Development of vanadium redox flow battery for electricity storage , 1999 .

[105]  Norman M. Dott.  An Introductory Review , 1962 .

[106]  Chenxi Sun,et al.  Preparation and characterization of Nafion/SPEEK layered composite membrane and its application in vanadium redox flow battery , 2008 .

[107]  Hongda Du,et al.  The improvement of the high-rate charge/discharge performances of LiFePO4 cathode material by Sn doping , 2010, Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry.