How Injector, Engine, and Fuel variables Impact Smoke and Hydrocarbon Emissions with Port Fuel Injection

Statistically designed experiments with a port fuel injected, single-cylinder engine were run to determine the effects of injector-, engine-, and fuel-related variables on exhaust smoke and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions. Among injector-related variables, targeting the fuel spray at the inlet valve centerline toward the valve head resulted in low smoke and HC emissions