The Nature of Risk
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“Risk” may be defined as a compound measure of the probability and magnitude of adverse effect. Important distinctions can be made among six major classes of hazard (infectious and degenerative diseases; natural catastrophes; failure of large technological systems; discrete, small-scale accidents; low-level, delayed-effect hazards; and sociopolitical disruptions). Decisions about risks meet with four kinds of limitations: of empirical analysis of “the facts”, of social value appraisal, of “risk management”, and of the assignment of rights and responsibilities.