Robust Patient Information Embedding and Retrieval Mechanism for ECG Signals

At present, a patient’s demography, such as name, age, and gender are stored separately from the acquired electrocardiogram (ECG) signal. This multiple storage mechanisms can create a severe threat to the reliability of diagnostics if the link between the demography data and the ECG signal breaks, either intentionally or unintentionally. This issue has become more prominent in recent years due to the use of a large number of wearable devices for physiological signal collection, especially in remote or non-clinical settings. In order to address this problem, in this paper, we propose a novel mechanism to embed patient’s information within an ECG signal without degrading the accuracy of the physiological information contained in the ECG signal. In this work, a methodology is presented to find the less-significant region of the ECG signal. Then, the patient information is hidden in this region by modifying the selected discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients of the signal using our proposed embedding and decoding algorithms. Moreover, the patient information hidden in the ECG signal is able to resist filtering attack, such as high-pass filtering, which generally occur with the ECG signal processing. This is achieved via the use of error buffers in the embedding algorithm. The proposed mechanism can extract the embedded patient information, either in the presence or without the filtering attack. Moreover, a specifically designed synchronization sequence is added to identify the patient data embedded regions of the ECG signal at the decoding end. Further, as a security measure, the embedded patient details are scrambled using a secret key to protect the privacy of the patient. Our evaluation demonstrates the usefulness of the proposed methodology in successfully embedding the patient information without distorting the important medical information in an ECG signal.