Strategies for Improving Survival After In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in the United States: 2013 Consensus Recommendations A Consensus Statement From the American Heart Association

The goal of this statement is to develop consensus recommendations aimed at measuring and optimizing outcomes after in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA). For the purposes of this statement, IHCA is defined as a cardiac arrest that occurs in a hospital (whether the patient is admitted or not) and for which resuscitation is attempted with chest compressions, defibrillation, or both. Members of the writing group were selected for their expertise in cardiac resuscitation and post–cardiac arrest care. Monthly telephone conferences and “webinars” over a 10-month period were used to define the scope of the statement and to assign writing teams for each section. The first draft of each section was discussed and sent to the chair to be compiled into a single document. Revised versions were then sent to all writing group members until consensus was achieved. The final draft underwent 3 sets of independent peer review before publication. The American Heart Association (AHA) is committed to the highest ethical standards. The AHA believes that having experts who have a relationship with industry or other relevant relationships on writing groups can strengthen the writing group effort when these relationships are transparent and managed. The AHA conflict of interest policy requires each member to declare relevant and current conflicts of interest. The chair may not have any relationship with industry relevant to the topic. The majority of writing group members (defined as>50% +1) must be free of relevant relationships with industry. Every writing group member agrees to maintain his or her current status with respect to relationships with industry throughout the development of the manuscript to publication. In addition, each member formally declares his or her conflict of interest or relationship with industry at the time of publication. All members of this writing group were compliant with this policy (“Writing Group Disclosures”). IHCA …

[1]  R. Neumar,et al.  Association 2013 Consensus Recommendations: A Consensus Statement From the American Heart Strategies for Improving Survival After In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in the United States: , 2013 .

[2]  Resuscitation errors: a shocking problem. , 2013, AORN journal.

[3]  W. Baine,et al.  The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality , 2006, Italian Journal of Public Health.

[4]  M. Churpek,et al.  Predicting cardiac arrest on the wards: a nested case-control study. , 2012, Chest.

[5]  Omeed Saghafi.  Early versus Later Rhythm Analysis in Patients with Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest , 2012 .

[6]  Nandita Mitra,et al.  Incidence of treated cardiac arrest in hospitalized patients in the United States* , 2011, Critical care medicine.

[7]  Daniel Davis,et al.  Early versus later rhythm analysis in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. , 2011, The New England journal of medicine.

[8]  R. O’Connor,et al.  In-hospital cardiac arrest: impact of monitoring and witnessed event on patient survival and neurologic status at hospital discharge. , 2011, Resuscitation.

[9]  C. Callaway,et al.  Effect of real-time feedback during cardiopulmonary resuscitation outside hospital: prospective, cluster-randomised trial , 2011, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[10]  N. Frey,et al.  Continuous mechanical chest compression during in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation of patients with pulseless electrical activity. , 2011, Resuscitation.

[11]  Pamela Andreatta,et al.  Simulation-based mock codes significantly correlate with improved pediatric patient cardiopulmonary arrest survival rates* , 2011, Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies.

[12]  Harlan M Krumholz,et al.  Automated external defibrillators and survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest. , 2010, JAMA.

[13]  M. Shuster,et al.  Part 12: cardiac arrest in special situations: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. , 2010, Circulation.

[14]  S. Silvers,et al.  Part 3: ethics: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. , 2010, Circulation.

[15]  Roger D. White,et al.  Part 8: adult advanced cardiovascular life support: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. , 2010, Circulation.

[16]  John E Billi,et al.  Part 1: executive summary: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. , 2010, Circulation.

[17]  Robin Hemphill,et al.  Part 5: adult basic life support: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. , 2010, Circulation.

[18]  Mark Terry,et al.  Part 13: pediatric basic life support: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. , 2010, Circulation.

[19]  R. Neumar,et al.  Part 9: post-cardiac arrest care: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. , 2010, Circulation.

[20]  B. Abella,et al.  Safety and efficacy of defibrillator charging during ongoing chest compressions: a multi-center study. , 2010, Resuscitation.

[21]  D. Edelson,et al.  Assessing the impact of immersive simulation on clinical performance during actual in-hospital cardiac arrest with CPR-sensing technology: A randomized feasibility study. , 2010, Resuscitation.

[22]  L. Wilkins.  Appendix: Evidence-Based Worksheets: 2010 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations and 2010 American Heart Association and American Red Cross International Consensus on First Aid Science With Treatment Recommend , 2010 .

[23]  D. Kaufman,et al.  Outcomes of critically ill patients who received cardiopulmonary resuscitation. , 2010, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[24]  T. Rothstein.  DOES HYPOTHERMIA INFLUENCE THE PREDICTIVE VALUE OF BILATERAL ABSENT N20 AFTER CARDIAC ARREST? , 2010, Neurology.

[25]  X. Jouven,et al.  Immediate Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Is Associated With Better Survival After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: Insights From the PROCAT (Parisian Region Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest) Registry , 2010, Circulation. Cardiovascular interventions.

[26]  D. Davis,et al.  Delayed Prehospital Implementation of the 2005 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiac Care , 1995, Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors.

[27]  Y. Hayashi,et al.  Impact of transport to critical care medical centers on outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. , 2010, Resuscitation.

[28]  C. Callaway,et al.  Receiving hospital characteristics associated with survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. , 2010, Resuscitation.

[29]  C. Ploner,et al.  Does hypothermia influence the predictive value of bilateral absent N20 after cardiac arrest? , 2010, Neurology.

[30]  Mauro Oddo,et al.  Prognostication after cardiac arrest and hypothermia: A prospective study , 2010, Annals of neurology.

[31]  G. Larkin,et al.  Pre-resuscitation factors associated with mortality in 49,130 cases of in-hospital cardiac arrest: a report from the National Registry for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. , 2010, Resuscitation.

[32]  R. Neumar,et al.  Regional systems of care for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A policy statement from the American Heart Association. , 2010, Circulation.

[33]  D. Edelson.  A weak link in the rapid response system. , 2010, Archives of internal medicine.

[34]  R. Neumar,et al.  Part 8: Advanced life support: 2010 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. , 2010, Resuscitation.

[35]  Comilla Sasson,et al.  Rapid Response Teams: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. , 2010, Archives of internal medicine.

[36]  D. Seder,et al.  The bispectral index and suppression ratio are very early predictors of neurological outcome during therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest , 2010, Intensive Care Medicine.

[37]  Peter C Austin,et al.  Effectiveness of public report cards for improving the quality of cardiac care: the EFFECT study: a randomized trial. , 2009, JAMA.

[38]  A. Perner,et al.  The effect of multi-professional education on the recognition and outcome of patients at risk on general wards. , 2009, Resuscitation.

[39]  W. Freeman,et al.  PREDICTORS OF AWAKENING FROM POSTANOXIC STATUS EPILEPTICUS AFTER THERAPEUTIC HYPOTHERMIA , 2009, Neurology.

[40]  Judy Powell,et al.  Chest Compression Fraction Determines Survival in Patients With Out-of-Hospital Ventricular Fibrillation , 2009, Circulation.

[41]  B. Abella,et al.  Rescuer fatigue during actual in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation with audiovisual feedback: a prospective multicenter study. , 2009, Resuscitation.

[42]  Y. Arabi,et al.  Hypoglycemia with intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients: Predisposing factors and association with mortality* , 2009, Critical care medicine.

[43]  H. Schunkert,et al.  Automated continuous chest compression for in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation of patients with pulseless electrical activity: a report of five cases. , 2009, International journal of cardiology.

[44]  J. Nolan,et al.  Myoclonus after cardiac arrest: pitfalls in diagnosis and prognosis * , 2009, Anaesthesia.

[45]  H. Krumholz,et al.  Hospital variation in time to defibrillation after in-hospital cardiac arrest. , 2009, Archives of internal medicine.

[46]  T. Koepsell,et al.  Epidemiologic study of in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the elderly. , 2009, The New England journal of medicine.

[47]  P. Pronovost,et al.  Delays and errors in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and defibrillation by pediatric residents during simulated cardiopulmonary arrests. , 2009, Resuscitation.

[48]  T. Cronberg,et al.  Neuron specific enolase and S-100B as predictors of outcome after cardiac arrest and induced hypothermia. , 2009, Resuscitation.

[49]  T. Kaneko,et al.  Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein as a predictive biomarker of neurological outcome after cardiac arrest. , 2009, Resuscitation.

[50]  J. Soar,et al.  The use of CPR feedback/prompt devices during training and CPR performance: A systematic review. , 2009, Resuscitation.

[51]  D. Beiser,et al.  Derangements in blood glucose following initial resuscitation from in-hospital cardiac arrest: a report from the national registry of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. , 2009, Resuscitation.

[52]  S. Brett,et al.  Impact of the Immediate Life Support course on the incidence and outcome of in-hospital cardiac arrest calls: an observational study over 6 years. , 2009, Resuscitation.

[53]  L. Kaldjian,et al.  Code status discussions and goals of care among hospitalised adults , 2009, Journal of Medical Ethics.

[54]  Akira Nishisaki,et al.  Effect of mattress deflection on CPR quality assessment for older children and adolescents. , 2009, Resuscitation.

[55]  Deborah J. Cook,et al.  Intensive insulin therapy and mortality among critically ill patients: a meta-analysis including NICE-SUGAR study data , 2009, Canadian Medical Association Journal.

[56]  R. Neumar,et al.  Early goal-directed hemodynamic optimization combined with therapeutic hypothermia in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. , 2009, Resuscitation.

[57]  C. Lorang,et al.  Bispectral index (BIS) helps predicting bad neurological outcome in comatose survivors after cardiac arrest and induced therapeutic hypothermia. , 2009, Resuscitation.

[58]  Stephane Heritier,et al.  Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. , 2009, The New England journal of medicine.

[59]  R. Berg,et al.  Epidemiology and Outcomes From Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Children: The Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Epistry–Cardiac Arrest , 2009, Circulation.

[60]  F. Welt,et al.  The public health hazards of risk avoidance associated with public reporting of risk-adjusted outcomes in coronary intervention. , 2009, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[61]  B. Kodali,et al.  Critical monitoring issues outside the operating room. , 2009, Anesthesiology clinics.

[62]  S. O’Keeffe,et al.  Changing attitudes to cardiopulmonary resuscitation in older people: a 15-year follow-up study. , 2009, Age and ageing.

[63]  H. Opdam,et al.  Post-hypoxic myoclonic status: the prognosis is not always hopeless. , 2009, Critical care and resuscitation : journal of the Australasian Academy of Critical Care Medicine.

[64]  V. Pettilä,et al.  Predictive power of serum NSE and OHCA score regarding 6-month neurologic outcome after out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation and therapeutic hypothermia. , 2009, Resuscitation.

[65]  D. White,et al.  Clinical nihilism in neuroemergencies. , 2009, Emergency medicine clinics of North America.

[66]  Gavin D Perkins,et al.  Compression feedback devices over estimate chest compression depth when performed on a bed. , 2009, Resuscitation.

[67]  T. Mader.  Derangements in blood glucose following initial resuscitation from in-hospital cardiac arrest: A report from the national registry of cardiopulmonary resuscitation , 2009 .

[68]  R. Neumar,et al.  Inter-hospital variability in post-cardiac arrest mortality. , 2009, Resuscitation.

[69]  R. Neumar,et al.  A national analysis of the relationship between hospital factors and post-cardiac arrest mortality , 2009, Intensive Care Medicine.

[70]  John A Spertus,et al.  Hospital-wide code rates and mortality before and after implementation of a rapid response team. , 2008, JAMA.

[71]  R. Neumar,et al.  Post–Cardiac Arrest Syndrome Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Prognostication A Consensus Statement From the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (American Heart Association, Australian and New Zealand Council on Resuscitation, European Resuscitation Council, Heart and Strok , 2008 .

[72]  D. Beiser,et al.  Cardiac catheterization is underutilized after in-hospital cardiac arrest. , 2008, Resuscitation.

[73]  B. Young,et al.  Predictors of poor neurologic outcome after induced mild hypothermia following cardiac arrest , 2008, Neurology.

[74]  P. Maciejewski,et al.  Associations between end-of-life discussions, patient mental health, medical care near death, and caregiver bereavement adjustment. , 2008, JAMA.

[75]  K. Ahn,et al.  The density ratio of grey to white matter on computed tomography as an early predictor of vegetative state or death after cardiac arrest , 2008, Emergency Medicine Journal.

[76]  C. Callaway,et al.  Regional variation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest incidence and outcome. , 2008, JAMA.

[77]  Renda Soylemez Wiener,et al.  Ill Adults: A Meta-analysis Benefits and Risks of Tight Glucose Control in Critically , 2010 .

[78]  A. Elixhauser.  Hospital Stays for Children, 2006 , 2008 .

[79]  A. Zafari,et al.  Automated external cardioversion defibrillation monitoring in cardiac arrest: a randomized trial , 2008, Trials.

[80]  A. Perner,et al.  Incidence, staff awareness and mortality of patients at risk on general wards. , 2008, Resuscitation.

[81]  Benjamin S Abella,et al.  Improving in-hospital cardiac arrest process and outcomes with performance debriefing. , 2008, Archives of internal medicine.

[82]  M. Holtkamp,et al.  STATUS EPILEPTICUS: AN INDEPENDENT OUTCOME PREDICTOR AFTER CEREBRAL ANOXIA , 2008, Neurology.

[83]  P. Kaplan,et al.  STATUS EPILEPTICUS: AN INDEPENDENT OUTCOME PREDICTOR AFTER CEREBRAL ANOXIA , 2008, Neurology.

[84]  R. Berg,et al.  Minimally interrupted cardiac resuscitation by emergency medical services for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. , 2008, JAMA.

[85]  J. Ornato,et al.  Survival from in-hospital cardiac arrest during nights and weekends. , 2008, JAMA.

[86]  M. Holzer,et al.  Strict normoglycaemic blood glucose levels in the therapeutic management of patients within 12h after cardiac arrest might not be necessary. , 2008, Resuscitation.

[87]  Harlan M Krumholz,et al.  Delayed time to defibrillation after in-hospital cardiac arrest. , 2008, The New England journal of medicine.

[88]  The Joint Commission announces the 2009 National Patient Safety Goals and requirements. , 2008, Joint Commission perspectives. Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations.

[89]  J. Barsuk,et al.  Simulation-based education improves quality of care during cardiac arrest team responses at an academic teaching hospital: a case-control study. , 2008, Chest.

[90]  J. Nolan,et al.  Outcome following admission to UK intensive care units after cardiac arrest: a secondary analysis of the ICNARC Case Mix Programme Database * , 2007, Anaesthesia.

[91]  C. Ellingsen,et al.  Cardiac arrest with continuous mechanical chest compression during percutaneous coronary intervention. A report on the use of the LUCAS device. , 2007, Resuscitation.

[92]  C. Otto,et al.  Improved Neurological Outcome With Continuous Chest Compressions Compared With 30: 2 Compressions-to-Ventilations Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in a Realistic Swine Model of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest , 2007, Circulation.

[93]  S. Kronick,et al.  Recommended guidelines for monitoring, reporting, and conducting research on medical emergency team, outreach, and rapid response systems: an Utstein-style scientific statement. A Scientific Statement from the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation; the American Heart Association Emergency , 2007, Resuscitation.

[94]  V. Pettilä,et al.  Strict versus moderate glucose control after resuscitation from ventricular fibrillation , 2007, Intensive Care Medicine.

[95]  J. Cavaillon,et al.  INCREASED PLASMA LEVELS OF SOLUBLE TRIGGERING RECEPTOR EXPRESSED ON MYELOID CELLS 1 AND PROCALCITONIN AFTER CARDIAC SURGERY AND CARDIAC ARREST WITHOUT INFECTION , 2007, Shock.

[96]  J. Krinsley,et al.  Severe hypoglycemia in critically ill patients: Risk factors and outcomes* , 2007, Critical care medicine.

[97]  F. Sterz,et al.  Can brain natriuretic peptide predict outcome after cardiac arrest? An observational study. , 2007, Resuscitation.

[98]  B. Jiang,et al.  Lance-adams syndrome: a report of two cases , 2007, Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B.

[99]  Timothy D. Henry,et al.  A Regional System to Provide Timely Access to Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction , 2007, Circulation.

[100]  V. LeBlanc,et al.  Residents feel unprepared and unsupervised as leaders of cardiac arrest teams in teaching hospitals: A survey of internal medicine residents* , 2007, Critical care medicine.

[101]  B. Abella,et al.  Pauses in chest compression and inappropriate shocks: a comparison of manual and semi-automatic defibrillation attempts. , 2007, Resuscitation.

[102]  A. Zafari,et al.  Long-term survival after successful inhospital cardiac arrest resuscitation. , 2007, American heart journal.

[103]  M. Boyde,et al.  Improving survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest: the Australian experience. , 2007, American journal of critical care : an official publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses.

[104]  Helge Myklebust,et al.  CPR quality improvement during in-hospital cardiac arrest using a real-time audiovisual feedback system. , 2007, Resuscitation.

[105]  Gavin D Perkins,et al.  The impact of manual defibrillation technique on no-flow time during simulated cardiopulmonary resuscitation. , 2007, Resuscitation.

[106]  Jiann-Der Lee,et al.  Bilateral cranial Tc-99m MDP uptake due to hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. , 2007, Clinical nuclear medicine.

[107]  P. Steen,et al.  Implementation of a standardised treatment protocol for post resuscitation care after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. , 2007, Resuscitation.

[108]  K. Nagao.  Cardiopulmonary resuscitation by bystanders with chest compression only (SOS-KANTO): an observational study , 2007, The Lancet.

[109]  Karl B Kern,et al.  Advanced cardiac life support training improves long-term survival from in-hospital cardiac arrest. , 2007, Resuscitation.

[110]  David C Parish,et al.  Resuscitation in the hospital: circadian variation of cardiopulmonary arrest. , 2007, The American journal of medicine.

[111]  Sheila Roman,et al.  Public reporting and pay for performance in hospital quality improvement. , 2007, The New England journal of medicine.

[112]  C. Adrie,et al.  An underrecognized source of organ donors: patients with brain death after successfully resuscitated cardiac arrest , 2007, Intensive Care Medicine.

[113]  T. Rea,et al.  Increasing Use of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation During Out-of-Hospital Ventricular Fibrillation Arrest: Survival Implications of Guideline Changes , 2006, Circulation.

[114]  Eric T. Bradlow,et al.  Relationship between Medicare's hospital compare performance measures and mortality rates. , 2006, JAMA.

[115]  Jo Kramer-Johansen,et al.  Quality of out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation with real time automated feedback: a prospective interventional study. , 2006, Resuscitation.

[116]  Jo Kramer-Johansen,et al.  Effects of compression depth and pre-shock pauses predict defibrillation failure during cardiac arrest. , 2006, Resuscitation.

[117]  Peter J Pronovost,et al.  Rapid response teams--walk, don't run. , 2006, JAMA.

[118]  P. Rehak,et al.  In-hospital cardiac resuscitation outside the ICU by nursing staff equipped with automated external defibrillators--the first 500 cases. , 2006, Resuscitation.

[119]  K. Hillman,et al.  Findings of the First Consensus Conference on Medical Emergency Teams* , 2006, Critical care medicine.

[120]  G. B. Young,et al.  Practice Parameter: Prediction of outcome in comatose survivors after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (an evidence-based review) , 2006, Neurology.

[121]  R. Geocadin,et al.  Neurologic prognosis and withdrawal of life support after resuscitation from cardiac arrest , 2006, Neurology.

[122]  C. A. Wright.  A National Evaluation of the Effect of Trauma-center Care on Mortality , 2006 .

[123]  T. Moriya,et al.  Reduced effectiveness of hypothermia in patients lacking the wave V in auditory brainstem responses immediately following resuscitation from cardiac arrest. , 2006, Resuscitation.

[124]  M. Link,et al.  A public access defibrillation programme in non-inpatient hospital areas. , 2006, Resuscitation.

[125]  Hanna Damasio,et al.  Correlations between Regional Brain Volumes and Memory Performance in Anoxia , 2006, Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology.

[126]  C. Fischer,et al.  Improved prediction of awakening or nonawakening from severe anoxic coma using tree-based classification analysis* , 2006, Critical care medicine.

[127]  Elizabeth R DeLong,et al.  Association between hospital process performance and outcomes among patients with acute coronary syndromes. , 2006, JAMA.

[128]  J. Ornato,et al.  ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: recommendations on triage of patients to heart attack centers: is it time for a national policy for the treatment of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction? , 2006, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[129]  Vinay Nadkarni,et al.  Community lay rescuer automated external defibrillation programs: key state legislative components and implementation strategies: a summary of a decade of experience for healthcare providers, policymakers, legislators, employers, and community leaders from the American Heart Association Emergency Ca , 2006, Circulation.

[130]  Daniel O Scharfstein,et al.  A national evaluation of the effect of trauma-center care on mortality. , 2006, The New England journal of medicine.

[131]  A. Hart,et al.  Prediction of poor outcome within the first 3 days of postanoxic coma , 2006, Neurology.

[132]  J. Ornato,et al.  First documented rhythm and clinical outcome from in-hospital cardiac arrest among children and adults. , 2006, JAMA.

[133]  D. Dawson,et al.  Early goal-directed therapy after major surgery reduces complications and duration of hospital stay. A randomised, controlled trial [ISRCTN38797445] , 2005, Critical care.

[134]  Lucila Ohno-Machado,et al.  Discrimination and calibration of mortality risk prediction models in interventional cardiology , 2005, J. Biomed. Informatics.

[135]  G. Joynt,et al.  Prognosis following Postanoxic Myoclonus Status epilepticus , 2005, European Neurology.

[136]  A. Mügge,et al.  Hospital-wide first-responder automated external defibrillator programme: 1 year experience. , 2005, Resuscitation.

[137]  T. Kovala,et al.  Somatosensory and brainstem auditory evoked potentials in cardiac arrest patients treated with hypothermia* , 2005, Critical care medicine.

[138]  K. Hillman,et al.  Introduction of the medical emergency team (MET) system: a cluster-randomised controlled trial , 2005, The Lancet.

[139]  Patrick R. Hunziker,et al.  Performance of first responders in simulated cardiac arrests* , 2005, Critical care medicine.

[140]  W. Aronow,et al.  Inpatient telemetry does not need to be used in the management of older patients hospitalized with chest pain at low risk for in-hospital coronary events and mortality. , 2005, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[141]  Wanchun Tang,et al.  Reducing ventilation frequency during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a porcine model of cardiac arrest. , 2005, Respiratory care.

[142]  D. Asch,et al.  The unintended consequences of publicly reporting quality information. , 2005, JAMA.

[143]  B. Abella,et al.  Chest Compression Rates During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Are Suboptimal: A Prospective Study During In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest , 2005, Circulation.

[144]  P. Steen,et al.  Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. , 2005, JAMA.

[145]  W. Zareba,et al.  The influence of public reporting of outcome data on medical decision making by physicians. , 2005, Archives of internal medicine.

[146]  G. B. Young,et al.  Anoxic-ischemic encephalopathy , 2005, Neurocritical care.

[147]  W. Sato,et al.  Use of the bispectral index during the early postresuscitative phase after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest , 2005, Journal of Anesthesia.

[148]  R. Califf,et al.  Practice Standards for Electrocardiographic Monitoring in Hospital Settings: An American Heart Association Scientific Statement From the Councils on Cardiovascular Nursing, Clinical Cardiology, and Cardiovascular Disease in the Young , 2004, Circulation.

[149]  S. Timerman,et al.  Preliminary in-hospital experience with a fully automatic external cardioverter-defibrillator. , 2004, Resuscitation.

[150]  J. Nolan,et al.  Mode of death after admission to an intensive care unit following cardiac arrest , 2004, Intensive Care Medicine.

[151]  Andrea G. Backscheider,et al.  A program encouraging early defibrillation results in improved in-hospital resuscitation efficacy. , 2004, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[152]  L. Rosengren,et al.  CSF levels of neurofilament is a valuable predictor of long-term outcome after cardiac arrest , 2004, Journal of the Neurological Sciences.

[153]  H. Halperin,et al.  Improved hemodynamic performance with a novel chest compression device during treatment of in-hospital cardiac arrest. , 2004, Resuscitation.

[154]  Gary B. Smith,et al.  Impact of attending a 1-day multi-professional course (ALERT) on the knowledge of acute care in trainee doctors. , 2004, Resuscitation.

[155]  Tom P. Aufderheide,et al.  Hyperventilation-Induced Hypotension During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation , 2004, Circulation.

[156]  R. Bellomo,et al.  A prospective before-and-after trial of a medical emergency team. Author's reply , 2004 .

[157]  George Tomlinson,et al.  Is this patient dead, vegetative, or severely neurologically impaired? Assessing outcome for comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. , 2004, JAMA.

[158]  J. Hollander,et al.  Lack of utility of telemetry monitoring for identification of cardiac death and life-threatening ventricular dysrhythmias in low-risk patients with chest pain. , 2004, Annals of emergency medicine.

[159]  D. Baim,et al.  Risk assessment for percutaneous coronary intervention: our version of the weather report? , 2003, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[160]  V. Pettilä,et al.  Serum Neuron-Specific Enolase and S-100B Protein in Cardiac Arrest Patients Treated With Hypothermia , 2003, Stroke.

[161]  M. Hazinski,et al.  Education in resuscitation: an ILCOR symposium: Utstein Abbey: Stavanger, Norway: June 22-24, 2001. , 2003, Circulation.

[162]  M. Hazinski,et al.  Education in resuscitation. , 2003, Resuscitation.

[163]  [Angiographic features of anoxic encephalopathy in the acute phase: a case report]. , 2003, No to shinkei = Brain and nerve.

[164]  R. Rossaint,et al.  Procalcitonin serum levels after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. , 2003, Resuscitation.

[165]  J. Ornato,et al.  Cardiopulmonary resuscitation of adults in the hospital: a report of 14720 cardiac arrests from the National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. , 2003, Resuscitation.

[166]  J. Heckmann,et al.  Electrocerebral silence with preserved but reduced cortical brain perfusion. , 2003, European journal of emergency medicine : official journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine.

[167]  Rinaldo Bellomo,et al.  The Medical Journal of Australia ISSN: , 2000 .

[168]  W. Landau,et al.  Randomized clinical trial of magnesium, diazepam, or both after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest , 2003, Neurology.

[169]  S. Kelsey,et al.  Modeling and Risk Prediction in the Current Era of Interventional Cardiology: A Report From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Dynamic Registry , 2003, Circulation.

[170]  J. Soar,et al.  The immediate life support course. , 2003, Resuscitation.

[171]  K. Huber,et al.  Plasma concentrations of von Willebrand factor and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 for prediction of outcome after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation , 2003, Critical care medicine.

[172]  P. Steen,et al.  In-hospital factors associated with improved outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. A comparison between four regions in Norway. , 2003, Resuscitation.

[173]  James M. Rippe,et al.  Irwin and Rippe's intensive care medicine , 2003 .

[174]  J. Chiche,et al.  Reversible myocardial dysfunction in survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. , 2002, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[175]  W. Mutschler,et al.  Serum S-100B and interleukin-8 as predictive markers for comparative neurologic outcome analysis of patients after cardiac arrest and severe traumatic brain injury* , 2002, Critical care medicine.

[176]  T. Hodgetts,et al.  Incidence, location and reasons for avoidable in-hospital cardiac arrest in a district general hospital. , 2002, Resuscitation.

[177]  J. Cavaillon,et al.  Successful Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation After Cardiac Arrest as a “Sepsis-Like” Syndrome , 2002, Circulation.

[178]  Karen Smith,et al.  Treatment of Comatose Survivors of Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest With Induced Hypothermia , 2003 .

[179]  Michael Holzer,et al.  Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest , 2002 .

[180]  S. Bernard,et al.  Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. , 2002, The New England journal of medicine.

[181]  S. Stratton,et al.  The Utstein template and the effect of in-hospital decisions: the impact of do-not-attempt resuscitation status on survival to discharge statistics. , 2001, Resuscitation.

[182]  Robert A. Berg,et al.  Adverse Hemodynamic Effects of Interrupting Chest Compressions for Rescue Breathing During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation for Ventricular Fibrillation Cardiac Arrest , 2001, Circulation.

[183]  E. Ivers,et al.  Early Goal-Directed Therapy in the Treatment of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock , 2001 .

[184]  A. Hijdra,et al.  Systematic review of prediction of poor outcome in anoxic-ischaemic coma with biochemical markers of brain damage , 2001, Intensive Care Medicine.

[185]  M. Durham,et al.  In-hospital resuscitation: association between ACLS training and survival to discharge. , 2000, Resuscitation.

[186]  E. Ruokonen,et al.  A Prospective, Randomized Study of Goal-Oriented Hemodynamic Therapy in Cardiac Surgical Patients , 2000, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[187]  T. Taoka,et al.  Hippocampal Damage in the Human Brain after Cardiac Arrest , 2000, Cerebrovascular Diseases.

[188]  C. Stoutenbeek,et al.  Systematic review of early prediction of poor outcome in anoxicischaemic coma , 1998, The Lancet.

[189]  Increased Brain Tolerance for Ischemia in Accidental Deep Hypothermia and Circulatory Arrest , 1998 .

[190]  A. Raabe,et al.  Serum S-100 and neuron-specific enolase for prediction of regaining consciousness after global cerebral ischemia. , 1998, Stroke.

[191]  R. Howard,et al.  Early myoclonic status and outcome after cardiorespiratory arrest , 1998, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[192]  J. G. van der Hoeven,et al.  A comparison of near‐infrared spectroscopy and jugular bulb oximetry in comatose patients resuscitated from a cardiac arrest , 1998, Anaesthesia.

[193]  A. Smith,et al.  Can some in-hospital cardio-respiratory arrests be prevented? A prospective survey. , 1997, Resuscitation.

[194]  T. Speroff,et al.  Variation in the use of do-not-resuscitate orders in patients with stroke. , 1997, Archives of internal medicine.

[195]  K. Kurisu,et al.  Delayed hyperemia causing intracranial hypertension after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. , 1997, Critical care medicine.

[196]  F. Sterz,et al.  Blood Glucose Concentration after Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Influences Functional Neurological Recovery in Human Cardiac Arrest Survivors , 1997, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[197]  C W Hess,et al.  Early prognosis in coma after cardiac arrest: a prospective clinical, electrophysiological, and biochemical study of 60 patients. , 1996, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[198]  G G Koch,et al.  The awareness-to-adherence model of the steps to clinical guideline compliance. The case of pediatric vaccine recommendations. , 1996, Medical care.

[199]  P. Martens.  Serum neuron-specific enolase as a prognostic marker for irreversible brain damage in comatose cardiac arrest survivors. , 1996, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[200]  E. Arnoldus,et al.  Postanoxic coma: Good recovery despite myoclonus status , 1995, Annals of neurology.

[201]  G A Ewy,et al.  Chest compression and ventilation rates during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: the effects of audible tone guidance. , 1995, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[202]  F. Fazio,et al.  Regional cerebral metabolism of glucose in comatose and vegetative state patients. , 1995, Journal of neurosurgical anesthesiology.

[203]  S. Kelsey,et al.  Assessment of neurological prognosis in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest , 1994, The Lancet.

[204]  S Tenner,et al.  The influence of the probability of survival on patients' preferences regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation. , 1994, The New England journal of medicine.

[205]  F. Sharbrough,et al.  Prognostic value of myoclonus status in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest , 1994, Annals of neurology.

[206]  G A Ewy,et al.  The efficacy of an ACLS training program for resuscitation from cardiac arrest in a rural community. , 1994, Annals of emergency medicine.

[207]  J. Guérit,et al.  Brain glucose metabolism in postanoxic syndrome due to cardiac arrest. , 1994, Acta neurologica Belgica.

[208]  Sequential change of heterogeneous cerebral blood blow patterns after diffuse brain ischemia. , 1992, Resuscitation.

[209]  D. Fiser.  Assessing the outcome of pediatric intensive care. , 1992, The Journal of pediatrics.

[210]  M. Pasanen,et al.  Evaluation of hypoxic brain injury with spinal fluid enzymes, lactate, and pyruvate , 1992, Critical care medicine.

[211]  C W Otto,et al.  A study of chest compression rates during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in humans. The importance of rate-directed chest compressions. , 1992, Archives of internal medicine.

[212]  M. Kaste,et al.  Regional cerebral blood flow after human cardiac arrest. A hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime single photon emission computed tomographic study. , 1991, Archives of neurology.

[213]  F. Curley,et al.  Routine Monitoring of Critically I11 Patients , 1990 .

[214]  M. Kaste,et al.  Neurological outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Prediction by cerebrospinal fluid enzyme analysis. , 1989, Archives of neurology.

[215]  G. Celesia,et al.  Generalized status myoclonicus in acute anoxic and toxic-metabolic encephalopathies. , 1988, Archives of neurology.

[216]  A. Krumholz,et al.  Outcome from coma after cardiopulmonary resuscitation , 1988, Neurology.

[217]  G. Ronquist,et al.  Prediction of outcome after cardiac arrest. , 1987 .

[218]  G. Ronquist,et al.  Prediction of outcome after cardiac arrest , 1987, Critical care medicine.

[219]  S. Strandgaard,et al.  Cerebrospinal fluid creatine kinase isoenzyme BB levels do not predict the clinical outcome in patients unconscious following cardiac resuscitation , 1987, Clinical cardiology.

[220]  R. Raker,et al.  Randomized clinical study of thiopental loading in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest: Brain Resuscitation clinical Trial I Study Group. N Eng J Med 314:397–403, (February), 1986 , 1987 .

[221]  Monica Haputman.  Randomized clinical study of thiopental loading in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. , 1986, The New England journal of medicine.

[222]  N. Abramson,et al.  Randomized clinical study of thiopental loading in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. Brain resuscitation clinical trial I study group , 1986 .

[223]  S. M. Sumi,et al.  Cerebrospinal fluid creatine kinase activity and neurologic recovery after cardiac arrest , 1984, Neurology.

[224]  C. Fairclough.  The Hospital , 1918, The Hospital.