On Language and Culture

languages; so, early Dominican iaka here corresponds to iAha here of both recent Dominican Island Carib and of Lokono; while Brinton wrote kassaku and kassahu, both meaning firmament, on the same line. Nor is the passage from o (or u) to i-or vice versa-unusual when, as is the case in Island Carib and-to judge by both Brinton's and de Goeje's employment of the umlaut-also in Lokono, the former phoneme represents a back unrounded (or it may be, in Lokono, a front rounded) vowel; so, Lokono bibuti > bibitifour, and Lokono: Island Carib isi : icfgo ' ic6go head, isiroko : 6gorogo (Dominican 6kriko) flesh, aduka adoka adika: ariha (early Dom. arika, recent Dom. ariha) see.