ABSTRACT Political terrorism is an increasingly important feature of the international scene and threatens not only the internal security of individual countries but the stability of the international system. The distinguishing feature of terrorism lies in its ability to induce a level of fear which is out of all proportion to the actual level of death, injury, or destruction caused by individual acts of terrorism. An understanding of the way in which this fear is generated and manipulated to achieve political ends and of the psychological factors which lead individuals, groups, and even countries to employ terrorism are essential prerequisites to an understanding of the phenomenon and to the devising of countermeasures. This chapter reviews material that attempts to unravel the psychological nature of terrorism and its impact, the psychological makeup of the terrorist, and the possible contributions of psychology to the prevention or handling of terrorist incidents. The chapter begins with a discussion of definitional problems surrounding the topic and makes a distinction between terror and terrorism. A definition is offered as a basis for the following analysis. As background to the discussion of psychological theories, a brief overview of the nature of contemporary political terrorism is given. This overview seeks to demonstrate the complex nature of a phenomenon that involves a rich mosaic of types of behavior conducted in many different social, political, economic, religious, and ethnic environments and involves many different types of participants. The complexity suggests that caution should be exercised in attempting to seek broad psychological theories to provide explanations for all types of terrorism. Since terrorism primarily involves the manipulation of fear to achieve some political purpose, it is argued here that terrorism can be viewed as a form of psychological warfare. The objectives that the use of terror is designed to serve are outlined, and the importance of understanding the nature of the psychological impact on various audiences is stressed. The analysis includes a description of the way in which terrorists may use an understanding of the psychology of fear to enhance the effectiveness of their tactics and a description of the psychological impact that terrorism has on the terrorists themselves. Perhaps the most frequently asked question concerning terrorism is “Why do people become terrorists?” Many attempts to answer this question start from the assumption that terrorism is a function of mental disorder. This chapter reviews some major theories in this tradition, including those that focus on psychopathy, psychodynamic interpretations, narcissism, the death wish, and physiological imbalances. On the whole, these explanatory attempts are criticized on the grounds of poor data, imprecision, exclusion of alternative explanations, internal inconsistencies, and, in some cases, unscientific nature. More merit is seen in studies which place terrorism in its social and political context, and research projects conducted in Northern Ireland, West Germany, and Italy are discussed as illustrative examples. Such studies show the utility of theoretical attempts to explain some aspects of terrorism by particular reference to the psychology of groups and to the psychological aspects of organizational analysis. Finally, the chapter outlines some of the potential areas in which psychology may contribute to the development of counterterrorist measures, and a plea is made for the importance of making data available in a language and manner which is accessible to and usable by decision-makers and operational personnel. SOMMAIRE Le terrorisme politique est un element de plus en plus important sur la scene internationale: il menace non seulement la securite interieure des pays mais aussi la stabilite du systeme international. Ce qui caracterise particulierement le terrorisme, c'est la possibilite qu'il a d'instaurer un niveau de crainte tout a fait disproportionne par rapport au nombre de crimes de terrorisme. Il est essentiel de bien connaitre la maniere dont cette crainte est cree et manipulee pour atteindre des objectifs politiques et les facteurs psychologiques qui conduisent les personnes, les groupes et meme les pays a recourir au terrorisme si l'on veut comprendre le phenomene et prendre des mesures de retorsion. Le present chapitre constitue une etude des publications qui visent a mettre en evidence la nature psychologique du terrorisme et son impact, le profil psychologique du terroriste et la contribution que la psychologie pourrait avoir sur la prevention et le controle des incidents de cette nature. Le chapitre commence par une discussion des problemes de definition qui entourent le sujet, et il etablit une distinction entre la terreur et le terrorisme. On y offre une definition pour fonder l'analyse. En guise de toile de fond a la discussion des theories psychologiques, l'auteur donne un bref apercu de la nature du terrorisme politique contemporain. Cet apercu a pour but de demontrer la nature complexe d'un phenomene qui englobe une grande diversite de types de comportement dans des milieux differents sur le plan social, politique, economique, religieux ou ethnique et qui vise un grand nombre de participants de types differents. Le caractere complexe du phenomene impose une certaine prudence lorsque l'on cherche a expliquer tous les types de terrorisme par des grandes theories de psychologie. Comme le terrorisme est avant tout une manipulation de la crainte pour atteindre un objectif politique quelconque, l'auteur pretend qu'il s'agit d'une forme de guerre psychologique. Il expose les objectifs vises par l'utilisation du terrorisme et insiste sur l'importance d'une comprehension de la nature de l'impact psychologique. L'analyse inclut une description de la maniere dont les terroristes peuvent se servir des connaissances sur la psychologie pour ameliorer l'efficacite de leur tactique et l'impact du terrorisme sur les terroristes eux-memes. La question que l'on se pose sans doute le plus souvent a ce sujet concerne la motivation: “Qu'est-ce qui pousse quelqu'un a devenir un terroriste?” Bon nombre de reponses a cette question partent de l'hypothese selon laquelle le terrorisme est lie au desequilibre mental. Dans ce chapitre, l'auteur passe en revue quelques-unes des principales theories, notamment celles qui se concentrent sur la psychopathie, les interpretations psychodynamiques, le narcissisme, la morbidite et les desequilibres psychologiques. Dans l'ensemble, ces tentatives d'explication font l'objet de critiques, parce qu'elles reposent sur des donnees incertaines et imprecises, excluent d'autres possibilites d'explication, souffrent d'incoherence interne et, dans certains cas, ont une nature peu scientifique. Les etudes qui placent le terrorisme dans son contexte politique et social et les recherches menees en Irlande du Nord, en Allemagne de l'Ouest et en Italie servent d'illustrations. Ces etudes revelent l'utilite des tentatives d'explications theoriques de certains aspects du terrorisme par une reference particuliere a la psychologie de groupes et aux aspects psychologiques de l'analyse de l'organisation. En dernier lieu, le chapitre souligne certains des domaines potentiels dans lesquels la psychologie peut contribuer au developpement de mesures anti-terroristes, et l'auteur y fait valoir la necessite de fournir des donnees sour une forme et dans un langage qui soit accessible aux decideurs et aux executants.
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