Dynamic behavior of reinforced walls – Horizontal displacement response

Abstract A series of uni-axial shaking table tests using step-wise intensified sinusoidal waves is performed on plane-strain geosynthetic-reinforced slopes to investigate the effects of wave frequency and amplitude to the seismic displacements of geosynthetic-reinforced slopes. The geosynthetic-reinforced model slope is backfill with uniform steel rods with a known Coulomb friction angle. A comparative study on the normalized slope displacement based on Newmark’s sliding-block theory shows that the normalized displacement curves obtained here fall to the right of analytical and empirical curves reported in the literature, suggesting that a plastic displacement of the slope prior to the yielding of the slope has been ignored in conventional displacement evaluation for geosynthetic-reinforced slopes. Furthermore, no amplified acceleration response at the crest of the slope was found for the post-yield geosynthetic-reinforced slopes subjected to a relatively intensive input base acceleration of 0.4–0.6 g, or subjected to a maximum wall displacement greater than 1.9–3.9% of the wall height.

[1]  Richard J. Bathurst,et al.  Deterministic sliding block methods for estimating seismic displacements of earth structures , 1996 .

[2]  Ching-Chuan Huang,et al.  Dynamic behavior of reinforced slopes: horizontal acceleration response , 2010 .

[3]  E. Saibaba Reddy,et al.  Pseudo-dynamic analysis of reinforced soil wall subjected to oblique displacement , 2009 .

[4]  Ching-Chuan Huang,et al.  Seismic displacements of geosynthetic-reinforced soil modular block walls , 2003 .

[5]  Dov Leshchinsky,et al.  Seismic Response of Geocell Retaining Walls: Experimental Studies , 2009 .

[6]  Richard J. Bathurst,et al.  Influence of reinforcement parameters on the seismic response of reduced-scale reinforced soil retaining walls , 2007 .

[7]  G. Wieczorek,et al.  Landslides caused by the M 7.6 Tecomán, Mexico earthquake of January 21, 2003 , 2006 .

[8]  N. Newmark.  Effects of Earthquakes on Dams and Embankments , 1965 .

[9]  Gonghui Wang,et al.  Study of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake-induced landslides in loess (China) , 2007 .

[10]  Ching-Chuan Huang,et al.  Simplified approach for assessing seismic displacements of soil-retaining walls. Part I: Geosynthetic-reinforced modular block walls , 2006 .

[11]  Constantine A. Stamatopoulos,et al.  SLIDING SYSTEM PREDICTING LARGE PERMANENT CO‐SEISMIC MOVEMENTS OF SLOPES , 1996 .

[12]  Teresa Crespellani,et al.  Earthquake Destructiveness Potential Factor and Permanent Displacements of Gravity Retaining Walls , 1996 .

[13]  Kianoosh Hatami,et al.  Seismic Response Analysis of a Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil Retaining Wall , 1998 .

[14]  Dov Leshchinsky,et al.  Recent case histories of permanent geosynthetic-reinforced soil retaining walls: proceedings of the Seiken Symposium No.11 Tokyo, Japan, 6-7 November 1992. , 1994 .

[15]  Kazem Fakharian,et al.  Static and seismic numerical modeling of geosynthetic-reinforced soil segmental bridge abutments , 2007 .

[16]  Steven L. Kramer,et al.  Dimensionality and Directionality Effects in Newmark Sliding Block Analyses , 2004 .

[17]  A. Murali Krishna,et al.  Seismic response of wrap-faced reinforced soil-retaining wall models using shaking table tests , 2007 .

[18]  N. Ambraseys,et al.  Seismic displacements on shear surfaces in cohesive soils , 1993 .

[19]  Shamsher Prakash.  Analysis and Design of Retaining Structures Against Earthquakes , 1996 .

[20]  Mohammad Kazem Jafari,et al.  Landslides triggered by the Avaj, Iran earthquake of June 22, 2002 , 2006 .

[21]  Xiangwu Zeng,et al.  The influence of phase on the calculation of pseudo-static earth pressure on a retaining wall , 1990 .

[22]  A. Murali Krishna,et al.  Seismic response of reinforced soil retaining wall models: Influence of backfill relative density , 2008 .

[23]  Ching-Chuan Huang,et al.  Seismic stability of reinforced slopes: failure mechanisms and displacements , 2008 .

[24]  O. Matsuo,et al.  SHAKING TABLE TESTS AND ANALYSES OF GEOSYNTHETIC-REINFORCED SOIL RETAINING WALLS , 1998 .

[25]  Jyr-Ching Hu,et al.  The Tsaoling landslide triggered by the Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan: Insights from a discrete element simulation , 2009 .

[26]  K. Shou,et al.  Analysis of the Chiufengershan landslide triggered by the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan , 2003 .

[27]  Richard J. Bathurst,et al.  Pseudo-Static Seismic Analysis Of Geosynthetic-Reinforced Segmental Retaining Walls , 1995 .

[28]  Ching-Chuan Huang,et al.  SEISMIC STABILITY OF SOIL RETAINING WALLS SITUATED ON SLOPE , 2004 .

[29]  William Murphy,et al.  Seismically induced rock slope failures resulting from topographic amplification of strong ground motions: The case of Pacoima Canyon, California , 2005 .

[30]  Dean Sandri.  A performance summary of reinforced soil structures in the greater Los Angeles area after the Northridge earthquake , 1997 .

[31]  R. Jibson.  Regression models for estimating coseismic landslide displacement , 2007 .

[32]  G N Richardson,et al.  Seismic Design of Reinforced Earth Walls , 1975 .

[33]  Ching-Chuan Huang,et al.  Seismic displacement charts for the performance-based assessment of reinforced soil walls , 2005 .

[34]  Attilio Carotti,et al.  A Nonlinear Model for the Seismic Response of Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil Structures , 1998 .

[35]  Rowland Richards,et al.  Seismic Behavior of Gravity Retaining Walls , 1979 .

[36]  Richard J. Bathurst,et al.  Facing contribution to seismic response of reduced-scale reinforced soil walls , 2005 .

[37]  Ching-Chuan Huang,et al.  Seismic displacement analysis of a reinforced soil model wall considering progressive development of reinforcement force , 2009 .

[38]  Takeshi Sato,et al.  Shaking and Tilt Table Tests of Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil and Conventional-Type Retaining Walls , 1998 .

[39]  Nicholas Sitar,et al.  Centrifuge Model Studies of the Seismic Response of Reinforced Soil Slopes , 2006 .

[40]  Ching-Chuan Huang,et al.  The effect of the bending rigidity of a wall on lateral pressure distribution , 1999 .

[41]  F. Tatsuoka.  Seismic stability against high seismic loads of geosynthetic-reinforced soil retaining structures, Keynote Lecture , 1998 .

[42]  Jonathan P. Stewart,et al.  Case History of Landslide Movement during the Northridge Earthquake , 2005 .

[43]  Ching-Chuan Huang,et al.  SEISMIC DISPLACEMENT OF A GEOSYNTHETIC-REINFORCED WALL IN THE 1995 HYOGO-KEN NAMBU EARTHQUAKE , 2005 .

[44]  太郎 内村.  Seismic Stability Against High Seismic Loads of Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil Retaining Structures , 1998 .

[45]  Ching-Chuan Huang,et al.  Behavior of cantilever and geosynthetic-reinforced walls on deformable foundations , 2010 .

[46]  Dov Leshchinsky,et al.  Equivalent seismic coefficient in geocell retention systems , 2009 .

[47]  R. Romeo.  Seismically induced landslide displacements: a predictive model , 2000 .

[48]  Robert V. Whitman,et al.  Seismic Design of Gravity Retaining Walls , 1985 .

[49]  N. N. Ambraseys,et al.  Earthquake‐induced ground displacements , 1988 .

[50]  C. Chen,et al.  COUPLED SHEAR STRAIN-PORE PRESSURE RESPONSES OF SOIL IN SHAKING TABLE TESTS , 2010 .

[51]  Deepankar Choudhury,et al.  External stability of reinforced soil walls under seismic conditions , 2007 .

[52]  Dov Leshchinsky,et al.  Soil slopes under combined horizontal and vertical seismic accelerations , 1997 .

[53]  A. Fakher,et al.  Development of Horizontal Slice Method for seismic stability analysis of reinforced slopes and walls , 2006 .

[54]  Ching-Chuan Huang,et al.  Simplified approach for assessing seismic displacements of soil-retaining walls. Part II: Geosynthetic-reinforced walls with rigid panel facing , 2007 .

[55]  Masahiro Chigira,et al.  Geological and geomorphological characteristics of landslides triggered by the 2004 Mid Niigta prefecture earthquake in Japan , 2006 .

[56]  Ching-Chuan Huang,et al.  Seismic Displacement Criterion for Soil Retaining Walls Based on Soil Strength Mobilization , 2009 .

[57]  Ching-Chuan Huang,et al.  Seismic stability of reinforced slopes: effects of reinforcement properties and facing rigidity , 2008 .

[58]  S. B. Paulsen,et al.  A predictive model for seismic displacement of reinforced slopes , 2004 .

[59]  J. P. Giroud,et al.  NEWMARK SEISMIC DEFORMATION ANALYSIS FOR GEOSYNTHETIC COVERS , 1998 .

[60]  Ching-Chuan Huang.  Seismic Displacements of Soil Retaining Walls Situated on Slope , 2005 .

[61]  Steven L. Kramer,et al.  MODIFIED NEWMARK MODEL FOR SEISMIC DISPLACEMENTS OF COMPLIANT SLOPES , 1997 .