Spatial distribution and temporal trends of cyclic and linear siloxanes in sediment from semi-enclosed and industrialized bays of Korea, in 2013 and 2021

Although siloxanes are contaminants of emerging concerns, limited studies have been conducted on contamination and time trends in siloxanes from aquatic environments worldwide. To date, most previous studies have focused on the environmental relevance of cyclic siloxanes in coastal environments. In the present study, cyclic and linear siloxanes were measured in sediment collected from semi-enclosed bays in Korea in 2013 and 2021 to assess occurrence, spatial distribution, temporal trends, and ecological risks. Almost all siloxanes were detected in all sediment samples, indicating continuous contamination for the last decade. The concentrations of cyclic siloxanes in sediment were approximately two times higher than those of linear siloxanes. Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) were predominantly detected in all sediment samples, possibly due to their high consumption and strong resistance. The overall concentrations of siloxanes in sediment gradually decreased from inner to outer parts of the bays, suggesting that industrial activities largely contributed to siloxane contamination. Moreover, the highest concentrations of siloxanes in both sampling years were observed in sediment near the outfall of wastewater treatment plant, implying a potential source in the coastal environment. Siloxane concentrations in sediment were significantly correlated with sedimentary organic carbon. The concentrations of siloxanes in sediment were not significantly different between 2013 and 2021, indicating ongoing contamination. The concentrations of D5 and D6 in our sediment samples showed a limited potential to pose a threat to benthic organisms.

[1]  Yang Lyu,et al.  Occurrence of methylsiloxanes in indoor store dust in China and potential human exposure. , 2022, Environmental research.

[2]  Boya Zhang,et al.  Occurrence and Behavior of Methylsiloxanes in Urban Environment in Four Cities of China , 2022, International journal of environmental research and public health.

[3]  Hyo-Bang Moon,et al.  Nationwide monitoring of cyclic and linear siloxanes in sediment and bivalves from Korean coastal waters: Occurrence, geographical distribution, and bioaccumulation potential. , 2022, Marine pollution bulletin.

[4]  Sunggyu Lee,et al.  Spatial and temporal trends in polychlorinated naphthalenes in sediment from Ulsan and Onsan Bays of Korea: Potential sources and ecotoxicological concerns , 2022, Environmental Geochemistry and Health.

[5]  Thomas Boehmer,et al.  Basic considerations to minimize bias in collection and analysis of volatile methyl siloxanes in environmental samples. , 2022, The Science of the total environment.

[6]  K. Kuroda,et al.  Spatial distribution and benthic risk assessment of cyclic, linear, and modified methylsiloxanes in sediments from Tokyo Bay catchment basin, Japan: Si-based mass profiles in extractable organosilicon. , 2022, Science of the Total Environment.

[7]  K. Gin,et al.  Source, fate, transport and modelling of selected emerging contaminants in the aquatic environment: Current status and future perspectives. , 2022, Water research.

[8]  Xia Li,et al.  Identification, migration, and childhood exposure of methylsiloxanes in silicone infant bottle nipples marketed in China. , 2022, Science of the Total Environment.

[9]  Sunggyu Lee,et al.  Environmental fate and trophic transfer of synthetic musk compounds and siloxanes in Geum River, Korea: Compound-specific nitrogen isotope analysis of amino acids for accurate trophic position estimation. , 2022, Environment international.

[10]  A. Alves,et al.  A review of bioaccumulation of volatile methylsiloxanes in aquatic ecosystems. , 2022, Science of the Total Environment.

[11]  Lin Xu,et al.  Temporal and spatial variation, input fluxes and risk assessment of cyclic methylsiloxanes in Rivers-Bohai Sea System. , 2022, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.

[12]  T. B. Minh,et al.  Assessment of distributional characteristics and ecological risks of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in sediments from urban rivers in northern Vietnam , 2022, Environmental Science and Pollution Research.

[13]  N. Yamashita,et al.  Spatial distribution and accumulation profiles of volatile methylsiloxanes in Tokyo Bay, Japan: Mass loadings and historical trends. , 2021, Science of the Total Environment.

[14]  Daryl J. McGoldrick,et al.  Influence of wastewater effluents on the bioaccumulation of volatile methylsiloxanes in the St. Lawrence River. , 2021, The Science of the total environment.

[15]  Lin Xu,et al.  Review of recent findings on occurrence and fates of siloxanes in environmental compartments. , 2021, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.

[16]  Yang Lyu,et al.  Occurrence of methylsiloxanes in sediments from a subtropical river-lake system in eastern China and its implication for ecological risks. , 2021, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety.

[17]  Hyeon-Seo Cho,et al.  Tissue-specific distribution and bioaccumulation of cyclic and linear siloxanes in South Korean crucian carp (carassius carassius). , 2021, Environmental pollution.

[18]  Zhenwu Tang,et al.  Methyl siloxanes in soils from a large silicone-manufacturing site, China: concentrations, distributions and potential human exposure , 2021, Environmental Geochemistry and Health.

[19]  Yi-Fan Li,et al.  Assessment bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of methyl siloxanes in crucian carp (Carassius auratus) around a siloxane production factory. , 2021, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.

[20]  M. Hara,et al.  Distribution characteristics of methylsiloxanes in atmospheric environment of Saitama, Japan: Diurnal and seasonal variations and emission source apportionment. , 2021, The Science of the total environment.

[21]  Hyun-kyung Lee,et al.  Legacy and novel flame retardants in water and sediment from highly industrialized bays of Korea: Occurrence, source tracking, decadal time trend, and ecological risks. , 2020, Marine pollution bulletin.

[22]  Sunggyu Lee,et al.  Phthalates and non-phthalate plasticizers in sediment from Korean coastal waters: Occurrence, spatial distribution, and ecological risks. , 2020, Marine pollution bulletin.

[23]  N. Thomaidis,et al.  Wide-scope target analysis of emerging contaminants in landfill leachates and risk assessment using Risk Quotient methodology. , 2020, Journal of hazardous materials.

[24]  M. MacLeod,et al.  Investigating the presence and persistence of volatile methylsiloxanes in Arctic sediments. , 2020, Environmental science. Processes & impacts.

[25]  Hyo-Bang Moon,et al.  Occurrence, distribution, and sources of phthalates and non-phthalate plasticizers in sediment from semi-enclosed bays of Korea. , 2020, Marine pollution bulletin.

[26]  Sung-Deuk Choi,et al.  Contamination characteristics of siloxanes in coastal sediment collected from industrialized bays in South Korea. , 2019, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.

[27]  Sunggyu Lee,et al.  Optimization of suspect and non-target analytical methods using GC/TOF for prioritization of emerging contaminants in the Arctic environment. , 2019, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.

[28]  Boya Zhang,et al.  Distribution and evaluation of the fate of cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes in the largest lake of southwest China. , 2019, The Science of the total environment.

[29]  Yaqi Cai,et al.  Distribution of methylsiloxanes in benthic mollusks from the Chinese Bohai Sea. , 2019, Journal of environmental sciences.

[30]  J. Giesy,et al.  Integrated assessment of persistent toxic substances in sediments from Masan Bay, South Korea: Comparison between 1998 and 2014. , 2018, Environmental pollution.

[31]  K. Kannan,et al.  An optimized method for the analysis of cyclic and linear siloxanes and their distribution in surface and core sediments from industrialized bays in Korea. , 2018, Environmental pollution.

[32]  Yaqi Cai,et al.  Occurrence and profiles of methylsiloxanes and their hydrolysis product in aqueous matrices from the Daqing oilfield in China. , 2018, The Science of the total environment.

[33]  G. Zeng,et al.  Cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in sediment, soil, and surface water from Dongting Lake, China , 2018, Journal of Soils and Sediments.

[34]  Sunggyu Lee,et al.  Historical trends of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in dated sediments from semi-enclosed bays of Korea. , 2018, Marine pollution bulletin.

[35]  Jaeshin Kim,et al.  Benthic invertebrate exposure and chronic toxicity risk analysis for cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes: Comparison of hazard quotient and probabilistic risk assessment approaches. , 2018, Chemosphere.

[36]  Chen Zha,et al.  Toxicities of Selected Essential Oils, Silicone Oils, and Paraffin Oil against the Common Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) , 2017, Journal of Economic Entomology.

[37]  Yaqi Cai,et al.  Methylsiloxanes in children silicone-containing products from China: Profiles, leaching, and children exposure. , 2017, Environment international.

[38]  Vera Homem,et al.  An approach to the environmental prioritisation of volatile methylsiloxanes in several matrices. , 2017, The Science of the total environment.

[39]  Hyun-kyung Lee,et al.  Decline in sediment contamination by persistent toxic substances from the outfall of wastewater treatment plant: Effectiveness of legislative actions in Korea. , 2016, Chemosphere.

[40]  Wen-Long Li,et al.  The occurrence and fate of siloxanes in wastewater treatment plant in Harbin, China , 2016, Environmental Science and Pollution Research.

[41]  D. Mackay,et al.  Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) environmental sources, fate, transport, and routes of exposure , 2015, Environmental toxicology and chemistry.

[42]  Don Mackay,et al.  Fugacity and activity analysis of the bioaccumulation and environmental risks of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) , 2015, Environmental toxicology and chemistry.

[43]  Mehran Alaee,et al.  Fate of anthropogenic cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in a wastewater treatment plant. , 2015, Water research.

[44]  Damià Barceló,et al.  Unexpected occurrence of volatile dimethylsiloxanes in Antarctic soils, vegetation, phytoplankton, and krill. , 2015, Environmental science & technology.

[45]  Yi-Fan Li,et al.  Trophic transfer of methyl siloxanes in the marine food web from coastal area of Northern China. , 2015, Environmental science & technology.

[46]  Geum-Ju Song,et al.  A nationwide survey and emission estimates of cyclic and linear siloxanes through sludge from wastewater treatment plants in Korea. , 2014, The Science of the total environment.

[47]  K. Kannan,et al.  Occurrence of PBDEs and other alternative brominated flame retardants in sludge from wastewater treatment plants in Korea. , 2014, The Science of the total environment.

[48]  Mehran Alaee,et al.  Review of recent advances in research on the toxicity, detection, occurrence and fate of cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes in the environment. , 2013, Chemosphere.

[49]  Mehran Alaee,et al.  Concentrations of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in biosolid amended soil, influent, effluent, receiving water, and sediment of wastewater treatment plants in Canada. , 2013, Chemosphere.

[50]  D. Barceló,et al.  Occurrence of linear and cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in wastewater, surface water and sediments from Catalonia. , 2013, The Science of the total environment.

[51]  P. Paquin,et al.  Tissue‐based risk assessment of cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes , 2012, Environmental toxicology and chemistry.

[52]  Wenhua Wang,et al.  Concentrations and assessment of exposure to siloxanes and synthetic musks in personal care products from China. , 2011, Environmental pollution.

[53]  Hyo-Bang Moon,et al.  Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) as a source of sediment contamination by toxic organic pollutants and fecal sterols in a semi-enclosed bay in Korea. , 2008, Chemosphere.

[54]  Kurunthachalam Kannan,et al.  Survey of Organosilicone Compounds, Including Cyclic and Linear Siloxanes, in Personal-Care and Household Products , 2008, Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[55]  Hyo-Bang Moon,et al.  Congener‐specific characterization and sources of polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins, dibenzofurans and dioxin‐like polychlorinated biphenyls in marine sediments from industrialized bays of Korea , 2008, Environmental toxicology and chemistry.