Mutational effects on protein stability.

PERS PECT IVES AND S UMMAR y 765 THE PROB LEM 767 THERMODYNAM ICS OF AM INO AC ID S UBST IT UTIONS 770 GENE TIC S TUD IES O F PRO TEIN S TAB ILITy 774 COO PERA TIVITY 777 S TR UCT URA L ST UD IES OF PROTE IN VAR IAN TS 777 FORCES THAT STAB ILIZE PROTE INS 779 Effects on Conformational Entropy 779 The Hydrophobic Eff ect .. . . . . . . ...... . . ...... . ..... ...... 781 Hydrogen Bonds . . 784 Dispersion Forces 786 Electrostatic Interactions 788 Helix Stabilization 790 CONC LUD ING REMAR KS 793