Implantable systems for drug delivery to the brain.

Most diseases and disorders of the brain require long-term therapy and a constant supply of drugs. Implantable drug-delivery systems provide long-term, sustained drug delivery in the brain. The present review discusses different type of implantable systems such as solid implants, in situ forming implants, in situ forming microparticles, depot formulations, polymeric-lipid implants, sucrose acetate isobutyrate and N-stearoyl L-alanine methyl ester systems for continuous drug delivery into brain for various brain diseases including glioblastomas, medulloblastoma, epilepsy, stroke, schizophrenia and Alzheimer's diseases. Implantable neural probes and microelectrode array systems for brain are also discussed in brief.

[1]  L. Schneider,et al.  Caregiver burden in Alzheimer disease: cross-sectional and longitudinal patient correlates. , 2010, The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry.

[2]  D P Byar,et al.  Comparisons of carmustine, procarbazine, and high-dose methylprednisolone as additions to surgery and radiotherapy for the treatment of malignant glioma. , 1983, Cancer treatment reports.

[3]  Gurvinder Kaur,et al.  PLGA: a unique polymer for drug delivery. , 2015, Therapeutic delivery.

[4]  M. Rainer.  Risperidone long-acting injection: a review of its long term safety and efficacy , 2008, Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment.

[5]  M. S. Muthu,et al.  Design and evaluation of chitosan nanoparticles as novel drug carrier for the delivery of rivastigmine to treat Alzheimer's disease. , 2011, Therapeutic delivery.

[6]  H. Kasuya,et al.  Efficacy and Safety of Nicardipine Prolonged-Release Implants for Preventing Vasospasm in Humans , 2002, Stroke.

[7]  A. Dash,et al.  Therapeutic applications of implantable drug delivery systems. , 1998, Journal of pharmacological and toxicological methods.

[8]  Mohammad Erfan,et al.  Changes in morphology of in situ forming PLGA implant prepared by different polymer molecular weight and its effect on release behavior. , 2009, Journal of pharmaceutical sciences.

[9]  A. Boudier,et al.  In Situ Microparticles Loaded with S-Nitrosoglutathione Protect from Stroke , 2015, PloS one.

[10]  P. Blackshear.  Implantable drug-delivery systems. , 1979, Scientific American.

[11]  T. Müller,et al.  Rivastigmine in the treatment of patients with Alzheimer’s disease , 2007, Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment.

[12]  H. Mirzadeh,et al.  In situ forming PLGA implant for 90 days controlled release of leuprolide acetate for treatment of prostate cancer , 2017 .

[13]  Xing Tang,et al.  Sucrose acetate isobutyrate as an in situ forming system for sustained risperidone release. , 2007, Journal of pharmaceutical sciences.

[14]  Hongzhuo Liu,et al.  Self-assembled l-alanine derivative organogel as in situ drug delivery implant: characterization, biodegradability, and biocompatibility , 2010, Drug development and industrial pharmacy.

[15]  B. Carson,et al.  Intracranial drug-delivery scaffolds: biocompatibility evaluation of sucrose acetate isobutyrate gels. , 2006, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[16]  R. Weiss,et al.  Organogels and Low Molecular Mass Organic Gelators , 2000 .

[17]  D. Mozaffarian,et al.  Heart disease and stroke statistics--2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. , 2009, Circulation.

[18]  G. Evans,et al.  Peripheral nerve injury: A review and approach to tissue engineered constructs , 2001, The Anatomical record.

[19]  S. Piantadosi,et al.  Placebo-controlled trial of safety and efficacy of intraoperative controlled delivery by biodegradable polymers of chemotherapy for recurrent gliomas , 1995, The Lancet.

[20]  H Kalimo,et al.  Interstitial chemotherapy with carmustine-loaded polymers for high-grade gliomas: a randomized double-blind study. , 1997, Neurosurgery.

[21]  J. Simard,et al.  Glibenclamide—10-h Treatment Window in a Clinically Relevant Model of Stroke , 2012, Translational Stroke Research.

[22]  R. Langer,et al.  Controlled release of dopamine from a polymeric brain implant: In vitro characterization , 1989, Experimental Neurology.

[23]  Jagdish Singh,et al.  Smart polymer based delivery systems for peptides and proteins. , 2007, Recent patents on drug delivery & formulation.

[24]  P. Kornblith,et al.  Chemotherapy for malignant gliomas. , 1988, Journal of neurosurgery.

[25]  Evren Algin Yapar,et al.  Injectable In Situ Forming Microparticles: A Novel Drug Delivery System , 2012 .

[26]  A. Avachat,et al.  Asenapine maleate in situ forming biodegradable implant: an approach to enhance bioavailability. , 2014, International journal of pharmaceutics.

[27]  R. Gur,et al.  Surgically Implantable Long-term Antipsychotic Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Schizophrenia , 2002, Neuropsychopharmacology.

[28]  Wanhui Liu,et al.  Preparation and evaluation of rotigotine-loaded implant for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease and its evolution study , 2016, Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society.

[29]  Z. Shah,et al.  Copsular Contracture around Silicone Implants: The Role of Intraluminal Antibiotics , 1982, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[30]  D. Schoenfeld,et al.  Comparison of postoperative radiotherapy and combined postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the multidisciplinary management of malignant gliomas . A joint radiation therapy oncology group and eastern cooperative oncology group study , 1983, Cancer.

[31]  M. Lafleur,et al.  In Situ-Forming Oleogel Implant for Rivastigmine Delivery , 2008, Pharmaceutical Research.

[32]  J. Barcia,et al.  Fatal outcome related to carmustine implants in glioblastoma multiforme , 2007, Acta Neurochirurgica.

[33]  A Deutch,et al.  Controlled release of dopamine from a polymeric brain implant: In vivo characterization , 1989, Annals of neurology.

[34]  D. Brauner,et al.  Treating nondementia illnesses in patients with dementia. , 2000, JAMA.

[35]  A. Laakso,et al.  Intracranial Biodegradable Silica-Based Nimodipine Drug Release Implant for Treating Vasospasm in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in an Experimental Healthy Pig and Dog Model , 2015, BioMed research international.

[36]  Manfred Westphal,et al.  A phase 3 trial of local chemotherapy with biodegradable carmustine (BCNU) wafers (Gliadel wafers) in patients with primary malignant glioma. , 2003, Neuro-oncology.

[37]  A. Di Stefano,et al.  Drug delivery strategies for Alzheimer's disease treatment , 2011, Expert opinion on drug delivery.

[38]  M. Westphal,et al.  A 3-dimensional extracellular matrix as a delivery system for the transplantation of glioma-targeting neural stem/progenitor cells. , 2010, Neuro-oncology.

[39]  L. Friedhoff,et al.  Long-term efficacy and safety of donepezil in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: an interim analysis of the results of a US multicentre open label extension study , 1998, European Neuropsychopharmacology.

[40]  R. Upadhyay.  Drug Delivery Systems, CNS Protection, and the Blood Brain Barrier , 2014, BioMed research international.

[41]  M. McGirt,et al.  Use of Gliadel (BCNU) Wafer in the Surgical Treatment of Malignant Glioma: A 10-Year Institutional Experience , 2008, Annals of Surgical Oncology.

[42]  T. Higuchi.  MECHANISM OF SUSTAINED-ACTION MEDICATION. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF RATE OF RELEASE OF SOLID DRUGS DISPERSED IN SOLID MATRICES. , 1963, Journal of pharmaceutical sciences.

[43]  Seung Woo Lee,et al.  Implantable microcoils for intracortical magnetic stimulation , 2016, Science Advances.

[44]  J. Simard,et al.  Newly expressed SUR1-regulated NCCa-ATP channel mediates cerebral edema after ischemic stroke , 2006, Nature Medicine.

[45]  Yaping Li,et al.  In vitro and in vivo evaluation of donepezil-sustained release microparticles for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. , 2007, Biomaterials.

[46]  J. Simard,et al.  Non-selective cation channels, transient receptor potential channels and ischemic stroke. , 2007, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[47]  M. Cima,et al.  First In Vivo Testing of Compounds Targeting Group 3 Medulloblastomas Using an Implantable Microdevice as a New Paradigm for Drug Development. , 2016, Journal of biomedical nanotechnology.

[48]  Min-Chieh Chuang,et al.  Implantable Graphene-based Neural Electrode Interfaces for Electrophysiology and Neurochemistry in In Vivo Hyperacute Stroke Model. , 2016, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[49]  A. Khademhosseini,et al.  Drug delivery systems in urology--getting "smarter". , 2006, Urology.

[50]  H. Friedman,et al.  Interstitial chemotherapy with biodegradable BCNU (Gliadel®) wafers in the treatment of malignant gliomas , 2007, Therapeutics and clinical risk management.

[51]  R. Quirion,et al.  Tyrosine-based rivastigmine-loaded organogels in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. , 2010, Biomaterials.

[52]  Yongzhuo Huang,et al.  An in situ-forming, solid lipid/PLGA hybrid implant for long-acting antipsychotics , 2011 .

[53]  M. Nutan,et al.  Development of biodegradable in situ implant and microparticle injectable formulations for sustained delivery of haloperidol. , 2012, Journal of pharmaceutical sciences.

[54]  Youxin Li,et al.  Design of a long-term antipsychotic in situ forming implant and its release control method and mechanism. , 2012, International journal of pharmaceutics.

[55]  J. Olson,et al.  The Brain Tumor Cooperative Group NIH Trial 87-01: A Randomized Comparison of Surgery, External Radiotherapy, and Carmustine versus Surgery, Interstitial Radiotherapy Boost, External Radiation Therapy, and Carmustine , 2002, Neurosurgery.

[56]  J. Cleland,et al.  Sustained delivery of human growth hormone from a novel gel system: SABER. , 2002, Biomaterials.

[57]  T. Kissel,et al.  In situ forming parenteral drug delivery systems: an overview. , 2004, European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V.

[58]  R. Bammer,et al.  Risk Factors of Symptomatic Intracerebral Hemorrhage After tPA Therapy for Acute Stroke , 2007, Stroke.

[59]  E. Candelario-Jalil,et al.  Injury and repair mechanisms in ischemic stroke: considerations for the development of novel neurotherapeutics. , 2009, Current opinion in investigational drugs.

[60]  D. Spencer,et al.  Invasive EEG in Presurgical Evaluation of Epilepsy , 2008 .

[61]  P. Kleihues,et al.  Population-based studies on incidence, survival rates, and genetic alterations in astrocytic and oligodendroglial gliomas. , 2005, Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology.

[62]  A. Fassihi,et al.  Implantable Controlled Release Drug Delivery Systems: A Review , 1991 .

[63]  Robert S Fisher,et al.  An automated drug delivery system for focal epilepsy , 2000, Epilepsy Research.

[64]  Mary Ann Johnson,et al.  Caregiver burden in Alzheimer's disease. , 2004, The Consultant pharmacist : the journal of the American Society of Consultant Pharmacists.

[65]  J. Benoit,et al.  Paclitaxel-loaded microparticles and implants for the treatment of brain cancer: preparation and physicochemical characterization. , 2006, International journal of pharmaceutics.

[66]  Dang Khoa Nguyen,et al.  An Implantable Closedloop Asynchronous Drug Delivery System for the Treatment of Refractory Epilepsy , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering.

[67]  Henry Brem,et al.  Drug Delivery to the Central Nervous System: A Review , 1992 .

[68]  N. Nasongkla,et al.  Preparation and biocompatibility study of in situ forming polymer implants in rat brains , 2012, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine.

[69]  H. Adams,et al.  The International Cooperative Study on the Timing of Aneurysm Surgery. Part 2: Surgical results. , 1990, Journal of neurosurgery.

[70]  Mohamad Sawan,et al.  A Novel Low-Power-Implantable Epileptic Seizure-Onset Detector , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems.

[71]  Feiqi Zhu,et al.  Berberine chloride can ameliorate the spatial memory impairment and increase the expression of interleukin-1beta and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the rat model of Alzheimer's disease , 2006, BMC Neuroscience.

[72]  ArshadMajid.  Neuroprotection in Stroke : Past , Present , and Future , 2015 .

[73]  Sampath,et al.  Implantable Slow-Release Chemotherapeutic Polymers for the Treatment of Malignant Brain Tumors. , 1998, Cancer control : journal of the Moffitt Cancer Center.

[74]  Nastaran Nafissi-varcheh,et al.  Zinc–leuprolide complex: preparation, physicochemical characterization and release behaviour from in situ forming implant , 2007, Journal of peptide science : an official publication of the European Peptide Society.

[75]  Bradley R Williams,et al.  A review of rivastigmine: a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor. , 2003, Clinical therapeutics.

[76]  Thomas J. Webster,et al.  Nano-biotechnology: carbon nanofibres as improved neural and orthopaedic implants , 2004, Nanotechnology.

[77]  W. Dauer,et al.  Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Models , 2003, Neuron.

[78]  H. Steiger,et al.  Application of nicardipine prolonged-release implants: analysis of 97 consecutive patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. , 2006, Neurosurgery.