Summertime tropospheric ozone over China simulated with a regional chemical transport model 1. Model description and evaluation

[1] A three-dimensional regional chemical transport model, extended from the Regional Acid Deposition Model (RADM) and aimed at studying the distribution and budget of tropospheric ozone and its precursors over China, is presented. The model domain covers the China region with a horizontal resolution of 100 km. In the vertical, the model extends up to the pressure level of 10 mbar for meteorological simulation, and to the local thermal tropopause for chemical integration. The meteorological fields for the model run are provided with the Fifth-Generation National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)/Penn State Mesoscale Model (MM5). In addition to updated surface emissions, aircraft emissions and lightning NOx sources are taken into account. The initial fields and lateral boundary conditions for most chemical tracers are provided with a global chemical transport model for ozone and related chemical tracers (MOZART). The model simulation is performed for the period July 1–15, 1995, which appears to be representative of meteorological conditions in summertime over China. The model results are compared with surface measurements of ozone and its precursors in China, ozone soundings in Japan, and MOZART results for the China region. The daily variation as well as geographical and vertical distribution of O3 concentration is generally well simulated by the model. It is indicated that surface ozone is controlled by photochemistry in eastern China and by transport processes in western China. Large-scale transport of O3 and its precursors from the highest-source-emission regions to remote areas and the free troposphere is simulated.

[1]  P. Rasch,et al.  MOZART, a global chemical transport model for ozone , 1998 .

[2]  J. Seinfeld.  RETHINKING THE OZONE PROBLEM IN URBAN AND REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION , 1991 .

[3]  Nobuo Kato,et al.  Anthropogenic emissions of SO2 and NOx in Asia : emission inventories , 1992 .

[4]  D. Rind,et al.  A simple lightning parameterization for calculating global lightning distributions , 1992 .

[5]  Daniel J. Jacob,et al.  Factors regulating ozone over the United States and its export to the global atmosphere , 1993 .

[6]  James N. Galloway,et al.  Nitrogen mobilization in the United States of America and the People's Republic of China , 1996 .

[7]  J. Zimmermann,et al.  A supplement for the RADM2 chemical mechanism: The photooxidation of isoprene , 1996 .

[8]  P. Crutzen,et al.  High concentrations and photochemical fate of oxygenated hydrocarbons in the global troposphere , 1995, Nature.

[9]  A. Thompson,et al.  The Oxidizing Capacity of the Earth's Atmosphere: Probable Past and Future Changes , 1992, Science.

[10]  David W. Fahey,et al.  Observed OH and HO2 in the upper troposphere suggest a major source from convective injection of peroxides , 1997 .

[11]  S. Madronich.  Photodissociation in the atmosphere: 1. Actinic flux and the effects of ground reflections and clouds , 1987 .

[12]  Xiuji Zhou,et al.  Development of a three-dimensional inventory of aircraft NOx emissions over China , 2000 .

[13]  D. Hauglustaine,et al.  Summertime tropospheric ozone over China simulated with a regional chemical transport model 2. Source contributions and budget , 2002 .

[14]  G. Grell,et al.  A description of the fifth-generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) , 1994 .

[15]  Thomas E. Graedel,et al.  Global gridded inventories of anthropogenic emissions of sulfur and nitrogen , 1996 .

[16]  G. Brasseur,et al.  IMAGES: A three‐dimensional chemical transport model of the global troposphere , 1995 .

[17]  J. Logan,et al.  Effect of rising Asian emissions on surface ozone in the United States , 1999 .

[18]  Xiuji Zhou,et al.  Improvements of the RADM1 gas‐phase chemical mechanism , 2000 .

[19]  W. Stockwell.  A homogeneous gas phase mechanism for use in a regional acid deposition model , 1986 .

[20]  D. Jacob,et al.  Origin of ozone and NOx in the tropical troposphere: A photochemical analysis of aircraft observations over the South Atlantic basin , 1996 .

[21]  Xiuji Zhou,et al.  Estimates of the Chemical Budget for Ozone at Waliguan Observatory , 2002 .

[22]  S. Rutledge,et al.  The Down Under Doppler and Electricity Experiment (DUNDEE): Overview and Preliminary Results , 1992 .

[23]  J. Holton,et al.  Stratosphere‐troposphere exchange , 1995 .

[24]  D. Prichard,et al.  Do the sunspot numbers form a “chaotic” set? , 1992 .

[25]  P. Siegmund,et al.  Nitric acid (HNO3) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere at midlatitudes: New results from aircraft‐based mass spectrometric measurements , 1998 .

[26]  Hajime Akimoto,et al.  Seasonal characteristics of tropospheric ozone production and mixing ratios over East Asia: A global three-dimensional chemical transport model analysis , 2000 .

[27]  D. Rind,et al.  Modeling Global Lightning Distributions in a General Circulation Model , 1994 .

[28]  T. Berntsen,et al.  Impacts of increased anthropogenic emissions in Asia on tropospheric ozone and climate , 1996 .

[29]  J. Penner,et al.  NOx from lightning 1. Global distribution based on lightning physics , 1997 .

[30]  Scott Elliott,et al.  Motorization of China implies changes in Pacific air chemistry and primary production , 1997 .

[31]  Franz Rohrer,et al.  Climatologies of NOx and NOy: A comparison of data and models , 1997 .

[32]  Paulette Middleton,et al.  A three‐dimensional Eulerian acid deposition model: Physical concepts and formulation , 1987 .

[33]  D. Jacob,et al.  Effect of aqueous phase cloud chemistry on tropospheric ozone , 1997 .

[34]  J. Lelieveld,et al.  Role of Deep Cloud Convection in the Ozone Budget of the Troposphere , 1994, Science.

[35]  Donald J. Wuebbles,et al.  Radiative Forcing of Climate Changes in the Vertical Distribution of Ozone , 1990 .

[36]  V. L. Orkin,et al.  Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2010 , 2003 .

[37]  J. Lelieveld,et al.  Model Analysis of Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange of Ozone and Its Role in the Tropospheric Ozone Budget , 2000 .

[38]  D. Fahey,et al.  Ozone production in the rural troposphere and the implications for regional and global ozone distributions , 1987 .

[39]  Tao Wang,et al.  A nonurban ozone air pollution episode over eastern China: Observations and model simulations , 2000 .

[40]  D. Jacob,et al.  Origin of tropospheric ozone at remote high northern latitudes in summer , 1996 .

[41]  D. Jacob,et al.  Global impact of fossil fuel combustion on atmospheric NOx , 1999 .

[42]  Jennifer A. Logan,et al.  An analysis of ozonesonde data for the troposphere : recommendations for testing 3-D models and development of a gridded climatology for tropospheric ozone , 1999 .

[43]  Jack G. Calvert,et al.  Permutation reactions of organic peroxy radicals in the troposphere , 1990 .

[44]  S. Madronich,et al.  Three‐dimensional modeling of transport of chemical species from continents to the Atlantic Ocean , 1988 .

[45]  Colin Price,et al.  Vertical distributions of lightning NOx for use in regional and global chemical transport models , 1998 .

[46]  Philip J. Rasch,et al.  MOZART, a global chemical transport model for ozone and related chemical tracers: 1. Model description , 1998 .

[47]  M. Weele,et al.  Effect of clouds on the photodissociation of NO2: Observations and modelling , 1993 .

[48]  C. N. Hewitt,et al.  A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions , 1995 .

[49]  Mingxing Wang,et al.  Numerical study of surface ozone in China during summer time , 1999 .