Liking is for doing: the effects of goal pursuit on automatic evaluation.

Findings from 3 experiments suggest that participants who were actively engaged in goal pursuit, compared with those who were not pursuing the goal, automatically evaluated goal-relevant objects as relatively more positive than goal-irrelevant objects. In Experiment 3, participants' automatic evaluations also predicted their behavioral intentions toward goal-relevant objects. These results suggest the functional nature of automatic evaluation and are in harmony with the classic conceptualization of thinking and feeling as being in the service of "doing" (e.g., S. T. Fiske, 1992; W. James, 1890; K. Lewin, 1926) as well as with more recent work on the cognitive mechanics of goal pursuit (e.g., G. B. Moskowitz, 2002; J. Y. Shah & A.W. Kruglanski, 2002).

[1]  S. Chaiken,et al.  The generality of the automatic attitude activation effect. , 1992, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[2]  R. Fazio,et al.  On the orienting value of attitudes: attitude accessibility as a determinant of an object's attraction of visual attention. , 1992, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[3]  C. M. Brendl.  Goals and the Compatibility Principle in Attitudes, Judgment, and Choice , 2001 .

[4]  J. N. Bassili,et al.  Implicit and Explicit Attitudes: Research, Challenges, and Theory. , 2005 .

[5]  Roger C. Schank,et al.  Scripts, plans, goals and understanding: an inquiry into human knowledge structures , 1978 .

[6]  N. Schwarz.  Situated cognition and the wisdom in feelings: Cognitive tuning. , 2002 .

[7]  Jennifer L. Dyck.  Lawrence W. Barsalou, Cognitive Psychology: An Overview for Cognitive Scientists, Cognitive Science Series/Tutorial Essays , 2004, Minds and Machines.

[8]  J. Bruner.  On perceptual readiness. , 1957, Psychological review.

[9]  S. Chaiken,et al.  Attitude structure and function. , 1998 .

[10]  K. C. Klauer,et al.  The Psychology of Evaluation : Affective Processes in Cognition and Emotion , 2003 .

[11]  G. Loewenstein.  Out of control: Visceral influences on behavior , 1996 .

[12]  R. Marsh,et al.  The activation of unrelated and canceled intentions , 1999, Memory & cognition.

[13]  S. Fiske,et al.  The Handbook of Social Psychology , 1935 .

[14]  P. Gollwitzer.  Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans. , 1999 .

[15]  E. Higgins,et al.  Beyond pleasure and pain. , 1997, The American psychologist.

[16]  Philipp Slusallek,et al.  Introduction to real-time ray tracing , 2005, SIGGRAPH Courses.

[17]  Christina T. Fong,et al.  Automatic Activation of Stereotypes: The Role of Self-Image Threat , 1998 .

[18]  N. Lewis.  A dynamic theory of personality , 1935 .

[19]  R. Reisenzein.  Exploring the Strength of Association between the Components of Emotion Syndromes: The Case of Surprise , 2000 .

[20]  Arie W. Kruglanski,et al.  Goals as knowledge structures. , 1996 .

[21]  James L. McClelland,et al.  Parallel distributed processing: explorations in the microstructure of cognition, vol. 1: foundations , 1986 .

[22]  R. Fazio,et al.  Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: a bona fide pipeline? , 1995, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[23]  H. Aarts,et al.  On the psychology of drinking: being thirsty and perceptually ready. , 2001, British journal of psychology.

[24]  S. Chaiken,et al.  Personality and Social Psychology Bulle- Tin Chen, Bargh / Consequences of Automatic Evaluation Immediate Behavioral Predispositions to Approach or Avoid the Stimulus , 2022 .

[25]  Eliot R. Smith,et al.  Development of automatism of social judgments. , 1986 .

[26]  J. Bargh,et al.  The psychology of action : linking cognition and motivation to behavior , 1999 .

[27]  Thomas Ostrom.  The bogus pipeline: A new ignis fatuus? , 1973 .

[28]  Jerome S. Bruner,et al.  Opinions and personality , 1957 .

[29]  Eliot R. Smith,et al.  What do connectionism and social psychology offer each other? , 1996, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[30]  G. Moskowitz.  Cognitive social psychology : the Princeton Symposium on the Legacy and Future of Social Cognition , 1981 .

[31]  A. Kruglanski,et al.  Emotional transfer in goal systems , 2004 .

[32]  Arie W Kruglanski,et al.  Leading us not unto temptation: momentary allurements elicit overriding goal activation. , 2003, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[33]  Josef M. Nuttin.  Reward and punishment in human learning , 1968 .

[34]  R. Fazio.  On the automatic activation of associated evaluations: An overview , 2001 .

[35]  G. Bower.  Mood and memory. , 1981, The American psychologist.

[36]  Susan T. Fiske,et al.  Category-based versus piecemeal-based affective responses: Developments in schema-triggered affect. , 1986 .

[37]  Solomon E. Asch,et al.  Studies in the Principles of Judgments and Attitudes: II. Determination of Judgments by Group and by Ego Standards , 1940 .

[38]  Clark C. Presson,et al.  Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Cigarette Smoking: the Effects of Context and Motivation , 2003 .

[39]  Eliot R. Smith,et al.  On the automatic evaluation of social exemplars. , 2004, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[40]  G. Kane.  Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition, vol 1: Foundations, vol 2: Psychological and Biological Models , 1994 .

[41]  D. Cicchetti.  Emotion and Adaptation , 1993 .

[42]  C. Judd,et al.  Spontaneous prejudice in context: variability in automatically activated attitudes. , 2001, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[43]  John R. Anderson.  Retrieval of propositional information from long-term memory , 1974 .

[44]  J. de Houwer,et al.  Automatic stimulus‐goal comparisons: Support from motivational affective priming studies , 2004 .

[45]  Åse Innes-Ker,et al.  Emotional response categorization. , 1999 .

[46]  Michael A. Arbib,et al.  The handbook of brain theory and neural networks , 1995, A Bradford book.

[47]  J. Cacioppo,et al.  Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intraindividual processes , 2001 .

[48]  S. Fiske,et al.  Thinking is for doing: portraits of social cognition from daguerreotype to laserphoto. , 1992, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[49]  A G Greenwald,et al.  Unconscious processing of dichoptically masked words , 1989, Memory & cognition.

[50]  A. Greenwald,et al.  Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test. , 1998, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[51]  Arie W. Kruglanski,et al.  Priming against your will: How accessible alternatives affect goal pursuit , 2002 .

[52]  Kenneth G. DeBono.  Investigating the social-adjustive and value-expressive functions of attitudes: Implications for persuasion processes. , 1987 .

[53]  Michael A. Becker.  Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles , 1998 .

[54]  James T. Tedeschi,et al.  Impression management in the forced compliance situation: Two studies using the bogus pipeline , 1978 .

[55]  K. Lewin,et al.  Vorsatz, Wille und Bedürfnis , 1926 .

[56]  T. Goschke,et al.  Representation of intentions: Persisting activation in memory. , 1993 .

[57]  John A. Bargh,et al.  Auto-motives: Preconscious determinants of social interaction. , 1990 .

[58]  Peter M. Gollwitzer,et al.  Symbolic self-completion , 1982 .

[59]  D. Spalding.  The Principles of Psychology , 1873, Nature.

[60]  Melissa J. Ferguson,et al.  The constructive nature of automatic evaluation , 2003 .

[61]  Caution: Automatic social cognition may not be habit forming. , 2001 .

[62]  A. McConnell,et al.  Relations among the Implicit Association Test, Discriminatory Behavior, and Explicit Measures of Racial Attitudes , 2001 .

[63]  M. Hertzman,et al.  Studies in the Principles of Judgments and Attitudes: III. The Functional Equivalence of Two Differently Structured References , 1940 .

[64]  T. K. Srull,et al.  Handbook of Social Cognition , 1993 .

[65]  Sander L. Koole,et al.  The Cessation of Rumination Through Self-Affirmation , 1999 .

[66]  T. Chartrand,et al.  The mind in the middle: A practical guide to priming and automaticity research. , 2000 .

[67]  E. Higgins.  Promotion and Prevention: Regulatory Focus as A Motivational Principle , 1998 .

[68]  Arie W Kruglanski,et al.  Forgetting all else: on the antecedents and consequences of goal shielding. , 2002, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[69]  Arie W. Kruglanski,et al.  A theory of goal systems. , 2002 .

[70]  E. Higgins,et al.  Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles. , 1996 .

[71]  M. Banaji,et al.  Implicit social cognition: attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. , 1995, Psychological review.

[72]  Eliot R. Smith,et al.  Socially Situated Cognition: Cognition in its Social Context , 2004 .

[73]  Arie W Kruglanski,et al.  When opportunity knocks: bottom-up priming of goals by means and its effects on self-regulation. , 2003, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[74]  H. Aarts,et al.  Habits as knowledge structures: automaticity in goal-directed behavior. , 2000, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[75]  Eliot R. Smith.  Mental representation and memory. , 1998 .

[76]  W. Kintsch,et al.  Memory and cognition , 1977 .

[77]  R. Fazio.  How do attitudes guide behavior , 1986 .

[78]  James A. Anderson,et al.  Neurocomputing: Foundations of Research , 1988 .

[79]  O. Oppenheimer,et al.  The functional autonomy of motives. , 1947, The Journal of social psychology.

[80]  F. Heider.  The psychology of interpersonal relations , 1958 .

[81]  Melissa J. Ferguson,et al.  After-affects: How automatic evaluations influence the interpretation of subsequent, unrelated stimuli , 2005 .

[82]  Brian A. Nosek,et al.  Contextual variations in implicit evaluation. , 2003, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[83]  P. Salovey,et al.  The wisdom in feeling: psychological processes in emotional intelligence , 2002 .

[84]  G. Herek.  Can functions be measured? A new perspective on the functional approach to attitudes. , 1987 .

[85]  Gordon B. Moskowitz,et al.  Preconscious effects of temporary goals on attention , 2002 .

[86]  David M. Sanbonmatsu,et al.  On the automatic activation of attitudes. , 1986, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[87]  L. Barsalou.  Cognitive Psychology: An Overview for Cognitive Scientists , 1992 .

[88]  Arthur B. Markman,et al.  The influence of goals on value and choice , 2000 .

[89]  E T Higgins,et al.  Regulatory concerns and appraisal efficiency: the general impact of promotion and prevention. , 2001, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[90]  E. Higgins,et al.  Handbook of motivation and cognition : foundations of social behavior , 1991 .

[91]  A. Greenwald,et al.  On the malleability of automatic attitudes: combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals. , 2001, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[92]  Mark P. Zanna,et al.  Subliminal priming and persuasion: Striking while the iron is hot , 2002 .

[93]  Anthony G. Greenwald,et al.  On the malleability of automatic attitudes: combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals. , 2001 .

[94]  Harold Sigall,et al.  Current Stereotypes: A Little Fading, a Little Faking. , 1971 .

[95]  E. Higgins,et al.  Principles of Judging Valence: What Makes Events Positive or Negative? , 1996 .

[96]  J. Bargh.  Automatic and conscious processing of social information. , 1984 .

[97]  J. de Houwer,et al.  Automatic appraisal of motivational valence: Motivational affective priming and Simon effects , 2001 .

[98]  Jerome S. Bruner,et al.  Opinions and Personality. , 1956 .

[99]  A. Tesser,et al.  The psychology of evaluation. , 1996 .

[100]  A. Tesser.  Self-Generated Attitude Change , 1978 .

[101]  R. Fazio.  On the power and functionality of attitudes: The role of attitude accessibility. , 1989 .

[102]  M. J. Rosenberg.  Cognitive structure and attitudinal affect. , 1956, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[103]  Jan De Houwer,et al.  Affective and Identity Priming with Episodically Associated Stimuli , 1998 .

[104]  I. Ajzen,et al.  Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research , 1977 .

[105]  Z. Kunda,et al.  Motivated inference: Self-serving generation and evaluation of causal theories. , 1987 .

[106]  Eliot R. Smith,et al.  Exemplar-Based Model of Social Judgment , 1992 .