A Review of Reynolds Number Effects on the Aerodynamics of Commercial Ground Vehicles

[1]  M. Sardou.  “Reynolds effect” and “moving ground effect” tested in a quarter scale wind tunnel over a high speed moving belt , 1986 .

[2]  L. Metz,et al.  The Influence of Roughness Elements on Laminar to Turbulent Boundary Layer Transition as Applied to Scale Model Testing of Automobiles , 1973 .

[3]  R L Peterson.  Drag Reduction Obtained by the Addition of a Boattail to a Box Shaped Vehicle. M.S. Thesis , 1981 .

[4]  Jeff Howell,et al.  The Influence of Ground Condition on the Flow Around a Wheel Located Within a Wheelhouse Cavity , 1999 .

[5]  W. H. Hucho,et al.  The Optimization of Body Details-A Method for Reducing the Areodynamic Drag of Road Vehicles , 1976 .

[6]  Robin David Knowles,et al.  Monoposto racecar wheel aerodynamics: investigation of near-wake structure and support-sting interference , 2007 .

[7]  K. Burgin,et al.  Wind tunnel tests on road vehicle models using a moving belt simulation of ground effect , 1986 .

[8]  M. Eugene Olson,et al.  Aerodynamics of trucks in wind tunnels: the importance of replicating model form, model detail, cooling system and test conditions , 1992 .

[9]  Kevin R. Cooper,et al.  Truck Aerodynamics Reborn - Lessons from the Past , 2003 .

[10]  A E Sheridan,et al.  DRAG REDUCTION OBTAINED BY MODIFYING A STANDARD TRUCK , 1978 .

[11]  Thomas Wacker.  A preliminary study of configuration effects on the drag of a tractor-trailer combination , 1985 .

[12]  V. U. Muirhead,et al.  Reduction of aerodynamic drag and fuel consumption for tractor-trailer vehicles , 1979 .

[13]  Stephen Arnette,et al.  Effect of Test Section Configuration on Aerodynamic Drag Measurements , 2001 .

[14]  Edwin J. Saltzman,et al.  Aerodynamic Drag Reduction Tests on a Full-Scale Tractor-Trailer Combination and a Representative Box-Shaped Ground Vehicle , 1975 .

[15]  Martin A. Passmore,et al.  On the Optimisation of Road Vehicle Leading Edge Radius in Varying Levels of Freestream Turbulence , 2006 .

[16]  James McManus,et al.  A computational study of the flow around an isolated wheel in contact with the ground , 2006 .

[17]  Mohamed Gad-el-Hak,et al.  Status and outlook of flow separation control , 1991 .

[18]  Jeffrey W. Saunders,et al.  COMPARISON OF ON-ROAD AND WIND-TUNNEL TESTS FOR TRACTOR-TRAILER AERODYNAMIC DEVICES, AND FUEL SAVINGS PREDICTIONS , 1985 .

[19]  Christopher J. Roy,et al.  RANS simulations of a simplified tractor/trailer geometry. , 2006 .

[20]  Bruce L. Storms,et al.  A Study of Reynolds Number Effects and Drag-Reduction Concepts on a Generic Tractor-Trailer , 2004 .

[21]  J. W. Anderson,et al.  Truck Drag Components by Road Test Measurement , 1964 .

[22]  Kevin R. Cooper,et al.  An examination of the effects of wind turbulence on the aerodynamic drag of vehicles , 1981 .

[23]  Jochen Wiedemann,et al.  Flow around an Isolated Wheel - Experimental and Numerical Comparison of Two CFD Codes , 2004 .

[24]  Drag and Wake Characteristics of Three Dimensional Bluff Bodies with Varying Radii of Curvature , 2009 .

[25]  S. Hoerner.  Fluid Dynamic Drag: Practical Information on Aerodynamic Drag and Hydrodynamic Resistance , 1965 .

[26]  A. Roshko.  Experiments on the flow past a circular cylinder at very high Reynolds number , 1961, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[27]  Robert Ranzenbach,et al.  Rectangular Bodies with Radiused Edges in Ground Effect , 1999 .

[28]  Kevin R. Cooper,et al.  Bluff-body aerodynamics as applied to vehicles , 1993 .

[29]  H. L. Dryden,et al.  Measurements of Intensity and Scale of Wind-Tunnel Turbulence and Their Relation to the Critical Reynolds Number of Spheres , 1937 .

[30]  H. Carper,et al.  Wind Tunnel Investigation of an Inflatable Aerodynamic Boattail for Tractor-Trailers , 1996 .

[31]  Bruce L. Storms,et al.  Aerodynamic Drag Reduction of the Underbody of a Class-8 Tractor-Trailer , 2006 .

[32]  Xin Zhang,et al.  Ground Effect Aerodynamics of Race Cars , 2006 .

[33]  Colin H. Marks,et al.  Feasibility of active boundary-layer-control methods for reducing aerodynamic drag on tractor trailer trucks , 1979 .

[34]  Kevin R. Cooper,et al.  A comparison of aerodynamic drag measurements on model trucks in closed-jet and open-jet wind tunnels , 1986 .

[35]  Lee Axon,et al.  The aerodynamic characteristics of automobile wheels - CFD prediction and wind tunnel experiment , 1999 .

[36]  Colin H. Marks,et al.  ANALYSIS OF COAST-DOWN DATA TO ASSESS AERODYNAMIC DRAG REDUCTION ON FULL-SCALE TRACTOR-TRAILER TRUCKS IN WINDY ENVIRONMENTS , 1976 .

[37]  Mathieu Boivin,et al.  Fuel Savings by Means of Flaps Attached to the Base of a Trailer: Field Test Results , 2005 .

[38]  Guido Buresti,et al.  Influence of afterbody rounding on the pressure drag of an axisymmetrical bluff body , 1997 .

[39]  Bruce L. Storms,et al.  Detailed Experimental Results of Drag-Reduction Concepts on a Generic Tractor-Trailer , 2005 .

[40]  Fred Browand,et al.  Aerodynamic Forces on Truck Models, Including Two Trucks in Tandem , 2001 .

[41]  Gianluca Iaccarino,et al.  UNSTEADY FLOW SIMULATIONS OF WHEEL-WHEELHOUSE CONFIGURATIONS , 2004 .

[42]  Christopher Baker,et al.  Assessment of the adequacy of various wind tunnel techniques to obtain aerodynamic data for ground vehicles in cross winds , 1996 .

[43]  L. Veldhuis,et al.  Experimental and Numerical Study of Leading Edge Separation on Blunt Bodies , 2007 .

[44]  K. J. Grunwald.  Aerodynamic characteristics of vehicle bodies at crosswind conditions in ground proximity , 1970 .

[45]  Christopher J. Roy,et al.  DOE's Effort to Reduce Truck Aerodynamic Drag-Joint Experiments and Computations Lead to Smart Design , 2004 .

[46]  Günter Schewe,et al.  Reynolds-number effects in flow around more-or-less bluff bodies , 2001 .

[47]  W. F. Lindsey,et al.  Drag of Cylinders of Simple Shapes , 1937 .

[48]  P. R. Bullen,et al.  CFD Simulations and Experimental Measurements of the Flow Over a Rotating Wheel in a Wheel Arch , 2000 .

[49]  Lars Davidson,et al.  Numerical Study of the Flow Around a Bus-Shaped Body , 2003 .

[50]  Sabodh K. Garg,et al.  Drag Reduction of Bluff Vehicles With Airvanes , 1973 .

[51]  Robert J. Englar,et al.  Advanced Aerodynamic Devices to Improve the Performance, Economics, Handling and Safety of Heavy Vehicles , 2001 .

[52]  Gary L. Smith,et al.  Commercial Vehicle Performance and Fuel Economy , 1970 .

[53]  Anthony J. Rymiszewski.  IMPROVING WHEELED VEHICLE WATER SPEED BY MEANS OF WHEEL SHROUDING , 1963 .

[54]  Kevin R. Cooper,et al.  The unsteady wind environment of road vehicles, part two: effects on vehicle development and simulation of turbulence , 2007 .

[55]  Colin H. Marks,et al.  Fuel Savings from Truck Aerodynamic Drag Reducers and Correlation with Wind-Tunnel Data , 1978 .

[56]  Fongloon Peter Pan,et al.  Practical Devices for Heavy Truck Aerodynamic Drag Reduction , 2007 .

[57]  Kevin R. Cooper,et al.  Correlation Experience with the SAE Wind Tunnel Test Procedure for Trucks and Buses , 1982 .

[58]  A. Gilhaus.  The influence of cab shape on air drag of trucks , 1981 .

[59]  Robert Dominy,et al.  An Investigation into the Flow-Field About an Exposed Racing Wheel , 2004 .

[60]  Mustapha Hammache,et al.  Flow Structure in the Gap between Two Bluff Bodies , 2004 .

[61]  Kevin R. Cooper.  The Wind Tunnel Testing of Heavy Trucks to Reduce Fuel Consumption , 1982 .

[62]  Kevin R. Cooper,et al.  The wind-tunnel simulation of surface vehicles☆ , 1984 .

[63]  Kevin R. Cooper,et al.  The Effect of Front-Edge Rounding and Rear-Edge Shaping on the Aerodynamic Drag of Bluff Vehicles in Ground Proximity , 1985 .

[64]  Edward C Polhamus,et al.  Effect of Flow Incidence and Reynolds Number on Low-speed Aerodynamic Characteristics of Several Noncircular Cylinders with Applications to Directional Stability and Spinning , 1958 .

[65]  Frank T. Buckley,et al.  Comparisons of Effectiveness of Commercially Available Devices for the Reduction of Aerodynamic Drag on Tractor-Trailers , 1975 .

[66]  D. Geropp,et al.  Experimental investigation of the ground effect on the flow around some two-dimensional bluff bodies with moving-belt technique , 1998 .

[67]  Walter T. Gutierrez,et al.  EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE GROUND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS (GTS) PROJECT FOR HEAVY VEHICLE DRAG REDUCTION , 1996 .

[68]  Jeffrey W. Saunders,et al.  Comparison of road and wind-tunnel drag reductions for commercial vehicles , 1993 .

[69]  Kevin R. Cooper,et al.  Model and Full-Scale Wind Tunnel Tests of Second-Generation Aerodynamic Fuel Saving Devices for Tractor-Trailers , 2005 .

[70]  Firoz Alam,et al.  Effects of Vehicle A-pillar Shape on Local Mean and Time-Varying Flow Properties , 2001 .

[71]  Valery Chernoray,et al.  Experimental and computational studies of active flow control on a model truck-trailer , 2012 .

[72]  Kevin R. Cooper.  The wind tunnel simulation of wind turbulence for surface vehicle testing , 1991 .

[73]  Robert Dominy,et al.  The Air Flow About an Exposed Racing Wheel , 2002 .

[74]  Noel K. Delany,et al.  Low-speed drag of cylinders of various shapes , 1953 .