A review on biocompatibility nature of hydrogels with 3D printing techniques, tissue engineering application and its future prospective

Recently, tissue engineering (TE) is one of the fast growing research fields due the accessibility of extra-molecular matrix (ECM) at cellular and molecular level with valuable potential prospective of hydrogels. The enhancement in the production of hydrogel-based cellular scaffolds with the structural composition of ECM has been accelerated with involvement of rapid prototyping techniques. Basically, the recreation of ECM has been derived from naturally existed or synthetic hydrogel-based polymers. The rapid utilization of hydrogels in TE puts forward the scope of bioprinting for the fabrication of the functional biological tissues, cartilage, skin and artificial organs. The main focus of the researchers is on biofabrication of the biomaterials with maintaining the biocompatibility, biodegradability and increasing growth efficiency. In this review, biological development in the structure and cross-linking connections of natural or synthetic hydrogels are discussed. The methods and design criteria that influence the chemical and mechanical properties and interaction of seeding cells before and after the implantations are also demonstrated. The methodology of bioprinting techniques along with recent development has also been reviewed. In the end, some capabilities and shortcomings are pointed out for further development of hydrogels-based scaffolds and selection of bioprinting technology depending on their application.