Bioactivity and potential health benefits of licorice.

Licorice is an herbal plant named for its unique sweet flavor. It is widely used in the food and tobacco industries as a sweetener. Licorice is also used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and complementary medicine. Because the use of licorice has long been a part of TCM, the details of its therapeutic applications have been thoroughly established. In modern science, licorice is of interest because of its broad range of applications. Extracts of and compounds isolated from licorice have been well studied and biologically characterized. In this review, we discuss the nutraceutical and functional activities of licorice as well as those of the extracts of and the isolated compounds from licorice, including agents with anti-inflammatory activity, cell-protective abilities, and chemopreventive effects. The side effects of licorice are also enumerated. A comparison of the activities of licorice described by modern science and TCM is also presented, revealing the correspondence of certain characteristics.

[1]  G. Lennon,et al.  TO-DAY'S DRUGS. CARBENOXOLONE SODIUM. , 1964, British medical journal.

[2]  R. Doll,et al.  Treatment of gastric ulcer with carbenoxolone: antagonistic effect of spironolactone. , 1968, Gut.

[3]  L. Mitscher.  Antimicrobial Agents from Higher Plants , 1975 .

[4]  R. Pompei,et al.  Glycyrrhizic acid inhibits virus growth and inactivates virus particles , 1979, Nature.

[5]  L. Mitscher,et al.  Antimicrobial agents from higher plants. Antimicrobial isoflavanoids and related substances from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. var. typica. , 1980, Journal of natural products.

[6]  E. Harley,et al.  Reversible inhibition of intercellular junctional communication by glycyrrhetinic acid. , 1986, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[7]  M. Baba,et al.  Antiviral activity of glycyrrhizin against varicella-zoster virus in vitro. , 1987, Antiviral research.

[8]  V. Singh,et al.  Deglycyrrhizinated liquorice in aphthous ulcers. , 1989, The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India.

[9]  T. Kinoshita,et al.  Identification of antimicrobial and antioxidant constituents from licorice of Russian and Xinjiang origin. , 1989, Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin.

[10]  H. Sasaki,et al.  Isoliquiritigenin: a new aldose reductase inhibitor from glycyrrhizae radix. , 1990, Planta medica.

[11]  J. Crance,et al.  Inhibition of hepatitis A virus replication in vitro by antiviral compounds , 1990, Journal of medical virology.

[12]  S. Yamamoto,et al.  The potent anti-tumor-promoting agent isoliquiritigenin. , 1991, Carcinogenesis.

[13]  Y. Ozaki,et al.  Anti-platelet action of isoliquiritigenin, an aldose reductase inhibitor in licorice. , 1992, European journal of pharmacology.

[14]  P. Stewart,et al.  Licorice inhibits 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase messenger ribonucleic acid levels and potentiates glucocorticoid hormone action. , 1993, Endocrinology.

[15]  K. Shiraki,et al.  Effects of glycyrrhizin on hepatitis B surface antigen: a biochemical and morphological study. , 1994, Journal of hepatology.

[16]  N. Nagata,et al.  Effect of glycyrrhizin, cyclosporin A, and tumor necrosis factor α on infection of U‐937 and MRC‐5 cells by human cytomegalovirus , 1994, Journal of leukocyte biology.

[17]  M. Mori,et al.  Glucocorticoids induce mineralization coupled with bone protein expression without influence on growth of a human osteoblastic cell line. , 1995, Cell structure and function.

[18]  S. Kobayashi,et al.  Inhibitory effect of isoliquiritin, a compound in licorice root, on angiogenesis in vivo and tube formation in vitro. , 1995, Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin.

[19]  J. Wegener,et al.  Cardiac effects of isoliquiritigenin. , 1997, European journal of pharmacology.

[20]  Y. Kubota,et al.  The inhibitory effect of glabridin from licorice extracts on melanogenesis and inflammation. , 1998, Pigment cell research.

[21]  M. Pinza,et al.  Synthesis and anti-ulcer activity of new derivatives of glycyrrhetic, oleanolic and ursolic acids. , 1998, Farmaco.

[22]  J. Chung.  Inhibitory actions of glycyrrhizic acid on arylamine N-acetyltransferase activity in strains of Helicobacter pylori from peptic ulcer patients. , 1998, Drug and chemical toxicology.

[23]  P. Belinky,et al.  Structural aspects of the inhibitory effect of glabridin on LDL oxidation. , 1998, Free radical biology & medicine.

[24]  S. Lee,et al.  Biotransformation of glycyrrhizin to 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid-3-O-beta-D-glucuronide by Streptococcus LJ-22, a human intestinal bacterium. , 1999, Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin.

[25]  H. Kuwajima,et al.  [Variation of chemical constituents in processed licorice roots: quantitative determination of saponin and flavonoid constituents in bark removed and roasted licorice roots]. , 1999, Yakugaku zasshi : Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan.

[26]  Dong-Hyun Kim,et al.  Biotransformation of Glycyrrhizin to 18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid-3-O-β-D-glucuronide by Streptococcus LJ-22, a Human Intestinal Bacterium , 1999 .

[27]  Current lead natural products for the chemotherapy of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection , 2000 .

[28]  T. Yokozawa,et al.  Protective effects of Glycyrrhizae radix extract and its compounds in a renal hypoxia (ischemia)-reoxygenation (reperfusion) model. , 2000, Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology.

[29]  C. H. Cheng,et al.  Inhibition of xanthine oxidase by liquiritigenin and isoliquiritigenin isolated from Sinofranchetia chinensis , 2000, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences CMLS.

[30]  R. Tan,et al.  In vitro inhibition of rat monoamine oxidase by liquiritigenin and isoliquiritigenin isolated from Sinofranchetia chinensis. , 2000, Acta pharmacologica Sinica.

[31]  E. De Clercq.  Current lead natural products for the chemotherapy of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection , 2000, Medicinal research reviews.

[32]  M. Pinza,et al.  Enhancement of Anti-Herpetic Activity of Glycyrrhizic Acid by Physiological Proteins , 2001, Antiviral chemistry & chemotherapy.

[33]  M. Ozaki,et al.  An artificial sweetener stimulates the sweet taste in insect: dual effects of glycyrrhizin in Phormia regina. , 2001, Chemical senses.

[34]  J Meulenbelt,et al.  THE PHARMACOKINETICS OF GLYCYRRHIZIC ACID EVALUATED BY PHYSIOLOGICALLY BASED PHARMACOKINETIC MODELING† , 2001, Drug metabolism reviews.

[35]  Y. Kashiwada,et al.  Influence of natural and synthetic compounds on cell surface expression of cell adhesion molecules, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. , 2001, Planta medica.

[36]  N. Fu,et al.  Apoptosis induced by isoliquiritigenin in human gastric cancer MGC-803 cells. , 2001, Planta medica.

[37]  P. Hollenberg,et al.  The licorice root derived isoflavan glabridin inhibits the activities of human cytochrome P450S 3A4, 2B6, and 2C9. , 2002, Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals.

[38]  MARK A. OZOG,et al.  Blocked Gap Junctional Coupling Increases Glutamate‐Induced Neurotoxicity in Neuron‐Astrocyte Co‐Cultures , 2002, Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology.

[39]  A. Vivacqua,et al.  Estrogenic and antiproliferative activities of isoliquiritigenin in MCF7 breast cancer cells , 2002, The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.

[40]  T. Hamamoto,et al.  Isoliquiritigenin suppresses pulmonary metastasis of mouse renal cell carcinoma. , 2002, Cancer letters.

[41]  M. Baba,et al.  Studies on cancer chemoprevention by traditional folk medicines XXV. Inhibitory effect of isoliquiritigenin on azoxymethane-induced murine colon aberrant crypt focus formation and carcinogenesis. , 2002, Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin.

[42]  C. Fiore,et al.  History of the endocrine effects of licorice. , 2002, Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association.

[43]  Y. Mizutani,et al.  Isoliquiritigenin inhibits the growth of prostate cancer. , 2003, European urology.

[44]  H. Doerr,et al.  Glycyrrhizin, an active component of liquorice roots, and replication of SARS-associated coronavirus , 2003, The Lancet.

[45]  C. Fiore,et al.  Licorice consumption and serum testosterone in healthy man. , 2003, Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association.

[46]  Hiroyuki Ichiki,et al.  Antitussive principles of Glycyrrhizae radix, a main component of the Kampo preparations Bakumondo-to (Mai-men-dong-tang). , 2003, European journal of pharmacology.

[47]  H. Kishida,et al.  A licorice ethanolic extract with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma ligand-binding activity affects diabetes in KK-Ay mice, abdominal obesity in diet-induced obese C57BL mice and hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. , 2003, The Journal of nutrition.

[48]  Jung‐Chung Lin.  Mechanism of action of glycyrrhizic acid in inhibition of Epstein-Barr virus replication in vitro. , 2003, Antiviral research.

[49]  M. Saeedi,et al.  The treatment of atopic dermatitis with licorice gel , 2003, The Journal of dermatological treatment.

[50]  S. Maier,et al.  Spinal gap junctions: potential involvement in pain facilitation. , 2004, The journal of pain : official journal of the American Pain Society.

[51]  Paul C. H. Li,et al.  Chemical analysis of raw, dry‐roasted, and honey‐roasted licorice by capillary electrophoresis , 2004, Electrophoresis.

[52]  U. Ullmann,et al.  In vitro anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of Extractum liquiritiae, glycyrrhizin and its metabolites. , 2004, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[53]  M. Baba,et al.  Induction of cell cycle arrest and p21(CIP1/WAF1) expression in human lung cancer cells by isoliquiritigenin. , 2004, Cancer letters.

[54]  D. Hendel,et al.  Estrogenic activity of glabridin and glabrene from licorice roots on human osteoblasts and prepubertal rat skeletal tissues , 2004, The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.

[55]  C. Yang,et al.  Cytoprotective effects of Glycyrrhizae radix extract and its active component liquiritigenin against cadmium-induced toxicity (effects on bad translocation and cytochrome c-mediated PARP cleavage). , 2004, Toxicology.

[56]  H. Kishida,et al.  Licorice flavonoids suppress abdominal fat accumulation and increase in blood glucose level in obese diabetic KK-A(y) mice. , 2004, Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin.

[57]  M. Baba,et al.  Isoliquiritigenin, a flavonoid from licorice, reduces prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide, causes apoptosis, and suppresses aberrant crypt foci development , 2004, Cancer science.

[58]  George Q. Li,et al.  Traditional Chinese medicines , 2004 .

[59]  Ian J. Deary,et al.  11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibition improves cognitive function in healthy elderly men and type 2 diabetics , 2004 .

[60]  I. Deary,et al.  11Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibition improves cognitive function in healthy elderly men and type 2 diabetics. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[61]  Chun-ching Lin,et al.  Isoliquiritigenin induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest through p53-dependent pathway in Hep G2 cells. , 2005, Life sciences.

[62]  Hiroyuki Ichiki,et al.  Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of the antitussive principles of Glycyrrhizae radix (licorice), a main component of the Kampo preparation Bakumondo-to (Mai-men-dong-tang). , 2005, European journal of pharmacology.

[63]  Xiao-ru Wang,et al.  Isolation and identification of flavonoids in licorice and a study of their inhibitory effects on tyrosinase. , 2005, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[64]  E. Choi.  The licorice root derived isoflavan glabridin increases the function of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. , 2005, Biochemical pharmacology.

[65]  C. L. Gaworski,et al.  Toxicologic evaluation of licorice extract as a cigarette ingredient. , 2005, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[66]  R. Sokol,et al.  Licorice Compounds Glycyrrhizin and 18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid Are Potent Modulators of Bile Acid-induced Cytotoxicity in Rat Hepatocytes* , 2005, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[67]  Chun-ching Lin,et al.  Isoliquiritigenin inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in human hepatoma cells. , 2005, Planta medica.

[68]  C. Lee,et al.  Glabridin, an Isoflavan from Licorice Root, Inhibits Inducible Nitric-Oxide Synthase Expression and Improves Survival of Mice in Experimental Model of Septic Shock , 2005, Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.

[69]  H. Uyama,et al.  Tyrosinase inhibitors from natural and synthetic sources: structure, inhibition mechanism and perspective for the future , 2005, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences CMLS.

[70]  H. Hosseinzadeh,et al.  The effects of carbenoxolone, a semisynthetic derivative of glycyrrhizinic acid, on peripheral and central ischemia-reperfusion injuries in the skeletal muscle and hippocampus of rats. , 2005, Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology.

[71]  A. Baum,et al.  Traditional Chinese Medicines Wu Wei Zi (Schisandra chinensis Baill) and Gan Cao (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch) Activate Pregnane X Receptor and Increase Warfarin Clearance in Rats , 2006, Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.

[72]  Yoshiyuki Suzuki,et al.  A Long-Term Glycyrrhizin Injection Therapy Reduces Hepatocellular Carcinogenesis Rate in Patients with Interferon-Resistant Active Chronic Hepatitis C: A Cohort Study of 1249 Patients , 2006, Digestive Diseases and Sciences.

[73]  G. Gerken,et al.  Biochemical and histological effects of 26 weeks of glycyrrhizin treatment in chronic hepatitis C: a randomized phase II trial. , 2006, Journal of hepatology.

[74]  K. Yoo,et al.  Neuroprotective effects of roasted licorice, not raw form, on neuronal injury in gerbil hippocampus after transient forebrain ischemia , 2006, Acta Pharmacologica Sinica.

[75]  Young Woo Kim,et al.  Liquiritigenin, an aglycone of liquiritin in Glycyrrhizae radix, prevents acute liver injuries in rats induced by acetaminophen with or without buthionine sulfoximine. , 2006, Chemico-biological interactions.

[76]  K. Tanikawa,et al.  A multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial of Shosaiko-to in chronic active hepatitis , 1989, Gastroenterologia Japonica.

[77]  K. Ikeda.  Glycyrrhizin injection therapy prevents hepatocellular carcinogenesis in patients with interferon‐resistant active chronic hepatitis C , 2007, Hepatology research : the official journal of the Japan Society of Hepatology.

[78]  E. Chan,et al.  Role of P-glycoprotein in Limiting the Brain Penetration of Glabridin, An Active Isoflavan from the Root of Glycyrrhiza glabra , 2007, Pharmaceutical Research.

[79]  M. Zamai,et al.  Glycyrrhizin binds to high-mobility group box 1 protein and inhibits its cytokine activities. , 2007, Chemistry & biology.

[80]  H. Ikematsu,et al.  Clinical Safety of Licorice Flavonoid Oil (LFO) and Pharmacokinetics of Glabridin in Healthy Humans , 2007, Journal of the American College of Nutrition.

[81]  Y. Lou,et al.  Prenylation enhances cytotoxicity of apigenin and liquiritigenin in rat H4IIE hepatoma and C6 glioma cells. , 2007, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[82]  C. Yang,et al.  Isoliquiritigenin suppresses cocaine-induced extracellular dopamine release in rat brain through GABA(B) receptor. , 2008, European journal of pharmacology.

[83]  Y. Kim,et al.  18beta-Glycyrrhetinic acid induces apoptotic cell death in SiHa cells and exhibits a synergistic effect against antibiotic anti-cancer drug toxicity. , 2008, Life sciences.

[84]  S. G. Kim,et al.  Anti‐inflammatory effects of liquiritigenin as a consequence of the inhibition of NF‐κB‐dependent iNOS and proinflammatory cytokines production , 2008, British journal of pharmacology.

[85]  N. Levy,et al.  Liquiritigenin is a plant-derived highly selective estrogen receptor β agonist , 2008, Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology.

[86]  M. Eisenhut,et al.  Antiviral effects of Glycyrrhiza species , 2007, Phytotherapy research : PTR.

[87]  E. Mazzon,et al.  Protective effects of glycyrrhizin in a gut hypoxia (ischemia)-reoxygenation (reperfusion) model , 2009, Intensive Care Medicine.

[88]  P. F. van der Ven,et al.  Review of over-the-counter treatments for aphthous ulceration and results from use of a dissolving oral patch containing glycyrrhiza complex herbal extract. , 2008, The journal of contemporary dental practice.

[89]  Hossein Hosseinzadeh,et al.  Review of Pharmacological Effects of Glycyrrhiza sp. and its Bioactive Compounds , 2008, Phytotherapy research : PTR.

[90]  F. Guengerich.  Cytochrome p450 and chemical toxicology. , 2008, Chemical research in toxicology.

[91]  Hongzhu Guo,et al.  Antidepressant-like effect of liquiritin from Glycyrrhiza uralensis in chronic variable stress induced depression model rats , 2008, Behavioural Brain Research.

[92]  M. Asaka,et al.  Rikkunshito, an herbal medicine, suppresses cisplatin-induced anorexia in rats via 5-HT2 receptor antagonism. , 2008, Gastroenterology.

[93]  Y. Inagaki,et al.  Glycyrrhizin and its metabolite inhibit Smad3-mediated type I collagen gene transcription and suppress experimental murine liver fibrosis. , 2008, Life sciences.

[94]  W. Jirawattanapong,et al.  Synthesis of glabridin derivatives as tyrosinase inhibitors , 2009, Archives of pharmacal research.

[95]  G. Yen,et al.  Neuroprotective effects of glycyrrhizic acid and 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid in PC12 cells via modulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. , 2009, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[96]  Marjan Nassiri-Asl,et al.  Antiandrogenic activities of Glycyrrhiza glabra in male rats. , 2009, International journal of andrology.

[97]  Zheng-ai Chen,et al.  Liquiritin potentiate neurite outgrowth induced by nerve growth factor in PC12 cells , 2009, Cytotechnology.

[98]  Xiumei Gao,et al.  Effects of space flight on DNA mutation and secondary metabolites of licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.) , 2009, Science in China Series C: Life Sciences.

[99]  U. Singh,et al.  An Evaluation of the Efficacy of Licorice Gargle for Attenuating Postoperative Sore Throat: A Prospective, Randomized, Single-Blind Study , 2009, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[100]  Young Woo Kim,et al.  Liquiritigenin, a flavonoid aglycone from licorice, has a choleretic effect and the ability to induce hepatic transporters and phase-II enzymes. , 2009, American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology.

[101]  S. Safe,et al.  Induction of apoptosis and nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug‐activated gene 1 in pancreatic cancer cells by a glycyrrhetinic acid derivative , 2009, Molecular carcinogenesis.

[102]  Yun Cai,et al.  Effect of liquiritigenin, a flavanone existed from Radix glycyrrhizae on pro-apoptotic in SMMC-7721 cells. , 2009, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[103]  B. Jayaprakasam,et al.  Licorice flavonoids inhibit eotaxin-1 secretion by human fetal lung fibroblasts in vitro. , 2009, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[104]  J. Y. Lee,et al.  Liquiritigenin, a licorice flavonoid, helps mice resist disseminated candidiasis due to Candida albicans by Th1 immune response, whereas liquiritin, its glycoside form, does not. , 2009, International immunopharmacology.

[105]  L. Zou,et al.  Liquiritigenin inhibits Aβ25–35-induced neurotoxicity and secretion of Aβ1–40 in rat hippocampal neurons , 2009, Acta Pharmacologica Sinica.

[106]  S. Safe,et al.  Oncogenic microRNA‐27a is a target for anticancer agent methyl 2‐cyano‐3,11‐dioxo‐18β‐olean‐1,12‐dien‐30‐oate in colon cancer cells , 2009, International journal of cancer.

[107]  Yu-Ping Tang,et al.  Separation, Characterization and Dose-Effect Relationship of the PPARγ-Activating Bio-Active Constituents in the Chinese Herb Formulation ‘San-Ao Decoction’ , 2009, Molecules.

[108]  S. Lim,et al.  Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Licorice and Roasted Licorice Extracts on TPA-Induced Acute Inflammation and Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Mice , 2010, Journal of biomedicine & biotechnology.

[109]  Dan Liu,et al.  The Synthesis of Glycyrrhetinic Acid Derivatives Containing A Nitrogen Heterocycle and Their Antiproliferative Effects in Human Leukemia Cells , 2010, Molecules.

[110]  M. Lee,et al.  Pharmacokinetic interaction between liquiritigenin (LQ) and DDB: increased glucuronidation of LQ in the liver possibly due to increased hepatic blood flow rate by DDB. , 2010, European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences.

[111]  Ming Zhou,et al.  Inhibition of hepatoma 22 tumor by Liquiritigenin , 2010, Phytotherapy research : PTR.

[112]  Yaxuan Sun,et al.  Neuroprotective effect of liquiritin against focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in mice via its antioxidant and antiapoptosis properties , 2010, Journal of Asian natural products research.

[113]  Z. Qian,et al.  Protein kinase C pathway is involved in the inhibition by crocetin of vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation , 2010, Phytotherapy research : PTR.

[114]  S. Lim,et al.  Dehydroglyasperin C isolated from licorice caused Nrf2-mediated induction of detoxifying enzymes. , 2010, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[115]  Jie Fu,et al.  Effects of liquiritigenin treatment on the learning and memory deficits induced by amyloid β-peptide (25–35) in rats , 2010, Behavioural Brain Research.

[116]  G. Yen,et al.  Glycyrrhizic acid and 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid inhibit inflammation via PI3K/Akt/GSK3beta signaling and glucocorticoid receptor activation. , 2010, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[117]  Dan Liu,et al.  Down-regulation of c-FLIP, XIAP and Mcl-1 protein as well as depletion of reduced glutathione contribute to the apoptosis induction of glycyrrhenitic acid derivatives in leukemia cells , 2010, Cancer biology & therapy.

[118]  Wonyong Kim,et al.  18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid potentiates apoptotic effect of trichostatin A on human epithelial ovarian carcinoma cell lines. , 2010, European journal of pharmacology.

[119]  D. Vokurková,et al.  Licorice infusion: Chemical profile and effects on the activation and the cell cycle progression of human lymphocytes , 2010, Pharmacognosy magazine.

[120]  S. Lim,et al.  Rapid identification and preparative isolation of antioxidant components in licorice. , 2010, Journal of separation science.

[121]  S. Sohn,et al.  Pharmacokinetics of liquiritigenin and its two glucuronides, M1 and M2, in rats with acute hepatitis induced by d-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide or CCl4 , 2010, Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems.

[122]  Xiao-ting Li,et al.  Liquiritigenin induces mitochondria‐mediated apoptosis via cytochrome c release and caspases activation in heLa Cells , 2011, Phytotherapy research : PTR.

[123]  Jung‐Chung Lin,et al.  Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Chemopreventive Activities of Glycyrrhizic Acid against UVB-Radiation-Induced Carcinogenesis in SKH-1 Hairless Mouse Epidermis , 2011, Radiation research.

[124]  Q. Lian,et al.  Environmental inhibitors of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2. , 2011, Toxicology.

[125]  Z. Madar,et al.  Glabridin, a phytoestrogen from licorice root, up‐regulates manganese superoxide dismutase, catalase and paraoxonase 2 under glucose stress , 2011, Phytotherapy research : PTR.

[126]  S. Chakravarthi,et al.  Cardioprotective Effects of Glycyrrhizic Acid Against Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Ischemia in Rats , 2011, International journal of molecular sciences.

[127]  J. Leyden,et al.  Natural options for the management of hyperpigmentation , 2011, Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV.

[128]  H. Fujii,et al.  Glycyrrhizin Prevents Liver Injury by Inhibition of High-Mobility Group Box 1 Production by Kupffer Cells after Ischemia-Reperfusion in Rats , 2011, Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.

[129]  Y. Pu,et al.  18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives induced mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis through reactive oxygen species-mediated p53 activation in NTUB1 cells. , 2011, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry.

[130]  V. Callender,et al.  Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation , 2011, American journal of clinical dermatology.

[131]  S. Lee,et al.  Licorice extract increases cyclophosphamide teratogenicity by upregulating the expression of cytochrome P-450 2B mRNA. , 2011, Birth defects research. Part B, Developmental and reproductive toxicology.

[132]  Vaneeta M. Sheth,et al.  Melasma: a comprehensive update: part II. , 2011, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[133]  Y. Tsai,et al.  Glabridin Inhibits Migration, Invasion, and Angiogenesis of Human Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer A549 Cells by Inhibiting the FAK/Rho Signaling Pathway , 2011, Integrative cancer therapies.

[134]  S. Yoon,et al.  Liquiritigenin Decreases Selective Molecular and Behavioral Effects of Cocaine in Rodents , 2011, Current neuropharmacology.

[135]  A. Kajdacsy-Balla,et al.  18α-glycyrrhetinic acid targets prostate cancer cells by down-regulating inflammation-related genes. , 2011, International journal of oncology.

[136]  Z. Madeja,et al.  DU-145 prostate carcinoma cells that selectively transmigrate narrow obstacles express elevated levels of Cx43 , 2011, Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters.

[137]  S. Sultana,et al.  Glycyrrhizic acid: a phytochemical with a protective role against cisplatin-induced genotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. , 2011, Life sciences.

[138]  Ping Wang,et al.  Inhibition of gap junction channel attenuates the migration of breast cancer cells , 2011, Molecular Biology Reports.

[139]  B. Siewert,et al.  Synthesis and antitumor activity of ring A modified glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives. , 2011, European journal of medicinal chemistry.

[140]  H. Doerr,et al.  Glycyrrhizin Exerts Antioxidative Effects in H5N1 Influenza A Virus-Infected Cells and Inhibits Virus Replication and Pro-Inflammatory Gene Expression , 2011, PloS one.

[141]  Yunqing Cai,et al.  Liquiritigenin Inhibits Tumor Growth and Vascularization in a Mouse Model of Hela Cells , 2012, Molecules.

[142]  M. Cooper,et al.  Endogenous glucocorticoids in inflammation: contributions of systemic and local responses. , 2012, Swiss medical weekly.

[143]  M. Cotterchio,et al.  Intake of Phytoestrogen Foods and Supplements Among Women Recently Diagnosed With Breast Cancer in Ontario, Canada , 2012, Nutrition and cancer.

[144]  Wonyong Kim,et al.  18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid potentiates Hsp90 inhibition-induced apoptosis in human epithelial ovarian carcinoma cells via activation of death receptor and mitochondrial pathway , 2012, Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry.

[145]  S. Lim,et al.  Antioxidant activities of licorice-derived prenylflavonoids , 2012, Nutrition research and practice.

[146]  Yuguang Wang,et al.  Pregnane X receptor mediated-transcription regulation of CYP3A by glycyrrhizin: a possible mechanism for its hepatoprotective property against lithocholic acid-induced injury. , 2012, Chemico-biological interactions.

[147]  I. Soelaiman,et al.  Glycyrrhizic acid (GCA) as 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitor exerts protective effect against glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis , 2013, Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism.

[148]  X. Jia,et al.  Liquiritin attenuates advanced glycation end products-induced endothelial dysfunction via RAGE/NF-κB pathway in human umbilical vein endothelial cells , 2012, Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry.

[149]  S. Tadi,et al.  AMPK activation with glabridin ameliorates adiposity and lipid dysregulation in obesity[S] , 2012, Journal of Lipid Research.

[150]  P. Das,et al.  18β‐glycyrrhetinic acid induces apoptosis through modulation of Akt/FOXO3a/Bim pathway in human breast cancer MCF‐7 cells , 2012, Journal of cellular physiology.

[151]  Y. Shoyama,et al.  Analysis of the synergistic effect of glycyrrhizin and other constituents in licorice extract on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production using knock-out extract. , 2012, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[152]  E. Choi.  Liquiritigenin isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis stimulates osteoblast function in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. , 2012, International immunopharmacology.

[153]  T. Roskams,et al.  Glycyrrhizin in patients who failed previous interferon alpha-based therapies: biochemical and histological effects after 52 weeks , 2012, Journal of viral hepatitis.

[154]  Yan Guan,et al.  Protective effects of liquiritin apioside on cigarette smoke‐induced lung epithelial cell injury , 2012, Fundamental & clinical pharmacology.

[155]  S. Lim,et al.  Neuroprotective effects of dehydroglyasperin C through activation of heme oxygenase-1 in mouse hippocampal cells. , 2012, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[156]  S. Nafisi,et al.  Interaction of glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acid with DNA. , 2012, DNA and cell biology.

[157]  Y. Kase,et al.  The Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability of 18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid, a Major Metabolite of Glycyrrhizin in Glycyrrhiza Root, a Constituent of the Traditional Japanese Medicine Yokukansan , 2012, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology.

[158]  C. Kim,et al.  Carbenoxolone prevents the development of fatty liver in C57BL/6-Lep ob/ob mice via the inhibition of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c activity and apoptosis. , 2012, European journal of pharmacology.

[159]  S. Nafisi,et al.  Study on the interaction of glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acid with RNA. , 2012, Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology.

[160]  Xianbin Wu,et al.  Quantitatively analyze composition principle of Ma Huang Tang by structural equation modeling. , 2012, Journal of ethnopharmacology.

[161]  T. Antonios,et al.  A salty cause of severe hypertension , 2012, BMJ Case Reports.

[162]  Yun Cai,et al.  Liquiritigenin Inhibits Serum‐induced HIF‐1α and VEGF Expression via the AKT/mTOR‐p70S6K Signalling Pathway in HeLa Cells , 2012, Phytotherapy research : PTR.

[163]  B. Connors.  Tales of a Dirty Drug: Carbenoxolone, Gap Junctions, and Seizures , 2012, Epilepsy currents.

[164]  M. Banach,et al.  The meaning of hypokalemia in heart failure. , 2012, International journal of cardiology.

[165]  M. Yuzurihara,et al.  Antispasmodic effect of shakuyakukanzoto extract on experimental muscle cramps in vivo: role of the active constituents of Glycyrrhizae radix. , 2013, Journal of ethnopharmacology.

[166]  S. Vandenberg,et al.  Role of connexins in metastatic breast cancer and melanoma brain colonization , 2013, Journal of Cell Science.

[167]  Kyu-Won Kim,et al.  The Anti‐Angiogenic Activities of Glycyrrhizic Acid in Tumor Progression , 2013, Phytotherapy research : PTR.

[168]  G. Yen,et al.  Glycyrrhizic acid and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid recover glucocorticoid resistance via PI3K-induced AP1, CRE and NFAT activation. , 2013, Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology.

[169]  G. Koren,et al.  Fetal and neonatal outcomes in women reporting ingestion of licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) during pregnancy. , 2013, Planta medica.

[170]  A. Jungbauer,et al.  Phytoestrogens and the metabolic syndrome , 2014, The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.