Handbook of Contrast Echocardiography: Left ventricular function and myocardial perfusion

Understanding Ultrasound Contrast Agents for Echocardiography: Principles and Instrumentation. Introduction The Need for Contrast Agents in Echocardiography Contrast Agents for Ultrasound Mode of Action New Developments in Contrast Imaging Conclusion Assessment of LV Function by Contrast Echo Physiology and Pathophysiology of LV Function Available Methods Indications and Selection of Methods How to Perfom Contrast Enhanced LV Studies Assessment of Myocardial Perfusion by Contrast Echo Coronary Flow and Flow Reserve Tissue Perfusion

[1]  C Caiati,et al.  New noninvasive method for coronary flow reserve assessment: contrast-enhanced transthoracic second harmonic echo Doppler. , 1999, Circulation.

[2]  A J Buda,et al.  Direct measurement of inner and outer wall thickening dynamics with epicardial echocardiography. , 1986, Circulation.

[3]  M. Schwaiger,et al.  Myocardial perfusion in acute coronary syndrome. , 1999, Circulation.

[4]  T. Porter,et al.  Transient myocardial contrast after initial exposure to diagnostic ultrasound pressures with minute doses of intravenously injected microbubbles. Demonstration and potential mechanisms. , 1995, Circulation.

[5]  N. Nanda,et al.  Harmonic Power Doppler Contrast Echocardiography: Preliminary Experimental Results , 1997, Echocardiography.

[6]  T. Porter,et al.  Improved myocardial contrast with second harmonic transient ultrasound response imaging in humans using intravenous perfluorocarbon-exposed sonicated dextrose albumin. , 1996, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[7]  V. Uhlendorf,et al.  Physics of ultrasound contrast imaging: scattering in the linear range , 1994, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[8]  B B Gosink,et al.  Perfluoroctylbromide: a liver/spleen-specific and tumor-imaging ultrasound contrast material. , 1982, Radiology.

[9]  R. Schlief,et al.  Improved Doppler signal intensity in coronary arteries after intravenous peripheral injection of a lung-crossing contrast agent (SHU 508A) , 1994, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[10]  James P. Martucci,et al.  Short-term cholesterol lowering decreases size and severity of perfusion abnormalities by positron emission tomography after dipyridamole in patients with coronary artery disease. A potential noninvasive marker of healing coronary endothelium. , 1994, Circulation.

[11]  N. Jong,et al.  Physics of microbubble scattering , 1997 .

[12]  R. Kerber,et al.  Use of an ultrasonic contrast method in the diagnosis of valvular regurgitation and intracardiac shunts. , 1974, The American journal of cardiology.

[13]  Navin C. Nanda,et al.  Advances in Echo Imaging Using Contrast Enhancement , 1997, Springer Netherlands.

[14]  A. Salustri,et al.  Should the diagnosis of coronary artery disease be based on the evaluation of myocardial function or perfusion? , 1997, European heart journal.

[15]  E. Unger,et al.  Ultrasound enhances gene expression of liposomal transfection. , 1997, Investigative radiology.

[16]  H. M. Payne,et al.  Validation of A Doppler Guide Wire for Intravascular Measurement of Coronary Artery Flow Velocity , 1992, Circulation.

[17]  G. Leopold,et al.  Perfluorochemicals as liver‐ and spleen‐seeking ultrasound contrast agents. , 1983, Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine.

[18]  S. Iliceto,et al.  Improved Doppler detection of proximal left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis after intravenous injection of a lung-crossing contrast agent: a transesophageal Doppler echocardiographic study. , 1996, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[19]  B. Lüderitz,et al.  Real‐Time Contrast Echo Assessment of Myocardial Perfusion at Low Emission Power , 1999, Echocardiography.

[20]  Peter N. Burns,et al.  Imaging instrumentation for ultrasound contrast agents , 1997 .

[21]  W. Reeves,et al.  Alteration of coronary perfusion reserve in hypertensive patients with diabetes. , 1994, Journal of human hypertension.

[22]  G. Sutherland,et al.  Clinical evaluation of left heart Doppler contrast enhancement by a saccharide-based transpulmonary contrast agent. The Levovist Cardiac Working Group. , 1995, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[23]  B. Lüderitz,et al.  Harmonic Power Doppler Contrast Echocardiography: Preliminary Clinical Results , 1997, Echocardiography.

[24]  M. Plesset The Dynamics of Cavitation Bubbles , 1949 .

[25]  C. Francis,et al.  Effect of acoustic cavitation on platelets in the presence of an echo-contrast agent. , 1998, Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology.

[26]  R. Bing,et al.  Microbubble dynamics visualized in the intact capillary circulation. , 1984, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[27]  M. Takeuchi,et al.  Does coronary flow reserve assessed by blood flow velocity analysis reflect absolute coronary flow reserve? , 1996, Catheterization and cardiovascular diagnosis.

[28]  F J Ten Cate,et al.  Safety and efficacy of a new transpulmonary ultrasound contrast agent: initial multicenter clinical results. , 1990, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[29]  S. Kaul,et al.  Functional Significance of Collateral Blood Flow in Patients With Recent Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Study Using Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography , 1992, Circulation.

[30]  C. McKay,et al.  Accuracy of evaluation of the presence and severity of aortic and mitral regurgitation by contrast 2-dimensional echocardiography. , 1983, The American journal of cardiology.

[31]  S. Kaul,et al.  A computer-aided approach for the quantitation of regional left ventricular function using two-dimensional echocardiography. , 1992, Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography.

[32]  Quantitation of Myocardial Perfusion by Contrast Echocardiography: Analysis of Contrast Gray Level Appearance Variables and Intracyclic Variability , 1989 .

[33]  R. Wilson,et al.  Effects of adenosine on human coronary arterial circulation. , 1990, Circulation.

[34]  S. Kaul,et al.  Myocardial contrast echocardiography in coronary artery disease: potential applications using venous injections of contrast. , 1995, The American journal of cardiology.

[35]  R. Cannon,et al.  Hemodynamic principles in the control of coronary blood flow. , 1985, The American journal of cardiology.

[36]  井上 良紀,et al.  流体力学用語集 非線形音響学(Nonlinear acoustics) , 1995 .

[37]  E. Braunwald,et al.  Myocardial reperfusion: a double-edged sword? , 1985, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[38]  R. Gill Clinical applications of doppler ultrasound , 1989 .

[39]  T. Porter,et al.  Detection of myocardial perfusion in multiple echocardiographic windows with one intravenous injection of microbubbles using transient response second harmonic imaging. , 1997, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[40]  F. Pashkow,et al.  Accuracy and limitations of exercise echocardiography in a routine clinical setting. , 1992, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[41]  F Forsberg,et al.  Galactose‐based intravenous sonographic contrast agent: experimental studies , 1993, Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine.

[42]  J. Thomas,et al.  A practical guide to assessment of ventricular diastolic function using Doppler echocardiography. , 1996, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[43]  Volkmar Uhlendorf,et al.  Imaging of Spatial Distribution and Flow of Microbubbles Using Nonlinear Acoustic Properties , 1996 .

[44]  P. Colonna,et al.  Functional role of microvascular integrity in patients with infarct-related artery patency after acute myocardial infarction. , 1997, European heart journal.

[45]  S. Wickline,et al.  Quantitative intravascular ultrasound. Demonstration using a novel site targeted acoustic contrast agent , 1995, 1995 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. Proceedings. An International Symposium.

[46]  S. Kaul,et al.  Myocardial perfusion imaging in the setting of coronary artery stenosis and acute myocardial infarction using venous injection of a second-generation echocardiographic contrast agent. , 1997, Circulation.

[47]  S. Kaul,et al.  Quantification of Images Obtained During Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography , 1994, Echocardiography.

[48]  C. G. Blomqvist,et al.  Guidelines for exercise testing. A report of the Joint American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Assessment of Cardiovascular Procedures (Subcommittee on Exercise Testing). , 1986, Circulation.

[49]  R. Kloner,et al.  The "no-reflow" phenomenon after temporary coronary occlusion in the dog. , 1974, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[50]  D O Cosgrove,et al.  Prolongation and optimization of Doppler enhancement with a microbubble US contrast agent by using continuous infusion: preliminary experience. , 1998, Radiology.

[51]  A R Jayaweera,et al.  Basis for detection of stenosis using venous administration of microbubbles during myocardial contrast echocardiography: bolus or continuous infusion? , 1998, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[52]  S. Kaul,et al.  Technical factors that influence the determination of microbubble transit rate during contrast echocardiography. , 1995, Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography.

[53]  A R Jayaweera,et al.  Method for the quantitation of myocardial perfusion during myocardial contrast two-dimensional echocardiography. , 1990, Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography.

[54]  N. Mullani,et al.  Assessment of coronary artery disease severity by positron emission tomography. Comparison with quantitative arteriography in 193 patients. , 1989, Circulation.

[55]  Preclinical and Clinical Results with an Ultrasonic Contrast Agent , 1988, Investigative radiology.

[56]  R Erbel,et al.  Analysis of interinstitutional observer agreement in interpretation of dobutamine stress echocardiograms. , 1996, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[57]  T J Donohue,et al.  Assessing the hemodynamic significance of coronary artery stenoses: analysis of translesional pressure-flow velocity relations in patients. , 1993, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[58]  Wesley L. Nyborg,et al.  Non-linear behaviour and stability of trapped micron-sized cylindrical gas bubbles in an ultrasonic field , 1983 .

[59]  S. Iliceto,et al.  Transesophageal Doppler echocardiography evaluation of coronary blood flow velocity in baseline conditions and during dipyridamole-induced coronary vasodilation. , 1991, Circulation.

[60]  H. Lethen,et al.  Noninvasive assessment of coronary flow reserve with transthoracic signal-enhanced Doppler echocardiography. , 1999, Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography.

[61]  C. Chin,et al.  Pulse inversion Doppler: a new method for detecting nonlinear echoes from microbubble contrast agents , 1999, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[62]  S. M. Collins,et al.  The effect of coronary angioplasty on coronary flow reserve. , 1988, Circulation.

[63]  H R Schelbert,et al.  Left ventricular ejection fraction--a review of several radionuclide angiographic approaches using the scintillation camera. , 1978, Progress in cardiovascular diseases.

[64]  S. Kaul,et al.  Interactions between microbubbles and ultrasound: in vitro and in vivo observations. , 1997, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[65]  J. Seward,et al.  Second harmonic imaging of an intravenously administered echocardiographic contrast agent: Visualization of coronary arteries and measurement of coronary blood flow. , 1996, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[66]  R. Schlief,et al.  The Effects of the Microbubble Suspension SH U 454 (Echovist®) on Ultrasound‐Induced Cell Lysis In a Rotating Tube Exposure System , 1991, Echocardiography.

[67]  D. Sahn,et al.  Ultrasonic contrast studies for the detection of cardiac shunts. , 1984, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[68]  R. Apfel,et al.  Gauging the likelihood of cavitation from short-pulse, low-duty cycle diagnostic ultrasound. , 1991, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[69]  D S Segar,et al.  Improved left ventricular endocardial border delineation and opacification with OPTISON (FS069), a new echocardiographic contrast agent. Results of a phase III Multicenter Trial. , 1998, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[70]  Randolph P. Martin,et al.  Canadian consensus recommendations for the measurement and reporting of diastolic dysfunction by echocardiography: from the Investigators of Consensus on Diastolic Dysfunction by Echocardiography. , 1996, Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography.

[71]  B. Chaitman,et al.  Clinical outcome of deferring angioplasty in patients with normal translesional pressure-flow velocity measurements. , 1995, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[72]  V. Uhlendorf,et al.  Nonlinear acoustical response of coated microbubbles in diagnostic ultrasound , 1994, 1994 Proceedings of IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium.

[73]  C Caiati,et al.  Contrast-enhanced transthoracic second harmonic echo Doppler with adenosine: a noninvasive, rapid and effective method for coronary flow reserve assessment. , 1999, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[74]  S. Kaul,et al.  Detection of coronary artery disease with myocardial contrast echocardiography: comparison with 99mTc-sestamibi single-photon emission computed tomography. , 1997, Circulation.

[75]  N. Schad,et al.  The intermittent phased injection of contrast material into the heart. , 1968, The American journal of roentgenology, radium therapy, and nuclear medicine.

[76]  A R Jayaweera,et al.  Coronary and myocardial blood volumes: noninvasive tools to assess the coronary microcirculation? , 1997, Circulation.

[77]  Ronald A. Roy,et al.  In vitro detection of cavitation induced by a diagnostic ultrasound system , 1992, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[78]  E. G. Tickner,et al.  Assessment of Myocardial Perfusion Abnormalities with Contrast‐enhanced Two‐dimensional Echocardiography , 1982, Circulation.

[79]  R. Wilson,et al.  Interstudy variability of coronary flow reserve. Influence of heart rate, arterial pressure, and ventricular preload. , 1990, Circulation.

[80]  S. Feinstein,et al.  Computer methods for myocardial contrast two-dimensional echocardiography. , 1984, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[81]  A. Quyyumi,et al.  Transesophageal dobutamine stress echocardiography for evaluation of patients with coronary artery disease. , 1994, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[82]  E. Fleck,et al.  Noninvasive diagnosis of ischemia-induced wall motion abnormalities with the use of high-dose dobutamine stress MRI: comparison with dobutamine stress echocardiography. , 1999, Circulation.

[83]  A. Distante,et al.  Stress echocardiography and myocardial contrast echocardiography in viability assessment. , 1997, European heart journal.

[84]  J F Greenleaf,et al.  Artificial cavitation nuclei significantly enhance acoustically induced cell transfection. , 1998, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[85]  U. Deligonul,et al.  Detection of myocardial perfusion abnormalities during dobutamine and adenosine stress echocardiography with transient myocardial contrast imaging after minute quantities of intravenous perfluorocarbon-exposed sonicated dextrose albumin. , 1996, Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography.

[86]  R M Whitlock,et al.  Left ventricular end-systolic volume as the major determinant of survival after recovery from myocardial infarction. , 1987, Circulation.

[87]  E. Unger,et al.  Gas-filled lipid bilayers as ultrasound contrast agents. , 1994, Investigative Radiology.

[88]  T. Lehtimäki,et al.  Coronary Flow Reserve Is Reduced in Young Men With IDDM , 1998, Diabetes.

[89]  S. Kaul Myocardial contrast echocardiography: 15 years of research and development. , 1997, Circulation.

[90]  J. Kisslo,et al.  Opacification and border delineation improvement in patients with suboptimal endocardial border definition in routine echocardiography: results of the Phase III Albunex Multicenter Trial. , 1991, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[91]  B. Lüderitz,et al.  Improvement in Endocardial Border Delineation Using Tissue Harmonic Imaging , 1998, Echocardiography.

[92]  R. Schlief,et al.  Stimulated Acoustic Emission: Nonbackscatter Contrast Effect of Microbubbles Seen with Harmonic Power Doppler Imaging , 1997, Echocardiography.

[93]  R Gramiak,et al.  Echocardiography of the aortic root. , 1968, Investigative radiology.

[94]  E. Carstensen,et al.  Lung damage from exposure to pulsed ultrasound. , 1990, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[95]  Morton W. Miller,et al.  A review of in vitro bioeffects of inertial ultrasonic cavitation from a mechanistic perspective. , 1996, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[96]  J. Weiss,et al.  Phase III multicenter trial comparing the efficacy of 2% dodecafluoropentane emulsion (EchoGen) and sonicated 5% human albumin (Albunex) as ultrasound contrast agents in patients with suboptimal echocardiograms. , 1998, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[97]  David J. Feild Guidelines for exercise testing. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Assessment of Cardiovascular Procedures (Subcommitte on Exercise Testing). , 1986, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[98]  A. Kitabatake,et al.  Lack of Myocardial Perfusion Immediately After Successful Thrombolysis: A Predictor of Poor Recovery of Left Ventricular Function in Anterior Myocardial Infarction , 1992, Circulation.

[99]  A R Jayaweera,et al.  Quantification of myocardial blood flow with ultrasound-induced destruction of microbubbles administered as a constant venous infusion. , 1998, Circulation.

[100]  G M Pohost,et al.  Contrast echocardiography in acute myocardial ischemia: I. In vivo determination of total left ventricular "area at risk". , 1984, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[101]  M. Winniford,et al.  Comparison of coronary vasodilation with intravenous dipyridamole and adenosine. , 1991, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[102]  R. M. Thomas,et al.  Mechanisms for hemolysis by ultrasonic cavitation in the rotating exposure system. , 1991, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[103]  J. Roelandt,et al.  Dobutamine-induced hypoperfusion without transient wall motion abnormalities: less severe ischemia or less severe stress? , 1996, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[104]  S. Kaul,et al.  Microvascular integrity indicates myocellular viability in patients with recent myocardial infarction. New insights using myocardial contrast echocardiography. , 1994, Circulation.

[105]  Steve M. Collins,et al.  Digital signal and image processing in echocardiography , 1985 .

[106]  P. Grayburn,et al.  Real-time visualization of myocardial perfusion and wall thickening in human beings with intravenous ultrasonographic contrast and accelerated intermittent harmonic imaging. , 1999, Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography.

[107]  P. Serruys,et al.  Quantitative assessment of myocardial blood flow by contrast two-dimensional echocardiography: initial clinical observations. , 1987, American journal of physiologic imaging.

[108]  J. R. Daley,et al.  Hemodynamic responses and adverse effects associated with adenosine and dipyridamole pharmacologic stress testing: a comparison in 2,000 patients. , 1995, Mayo Clinic proceedings.

[109]  K. Schechtman,et al.  Improved echocardiographic delineation of left ventricular thrombus with the use of intravenous second-generation contrast image enhancement. , 1999, Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography.

[110]  S. Kaul Quantification of myocardial blood flow using ultrasound‐induced destruction of microbubbles administered as a constant venous infusion , 1998 .

[111]  G W Hamilton,et al.  Physiologic basis for assessing critical coronary stenosis. Instantaneous flow response and regional distribution during coronary hyperemia as measures of coronary flow reserve. , 1974, The American journal of cardiology.

[112]  K J Parker,et al.  Contrast agents in diagnostic ultrasound. , 1990, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[113]  D. Miller,et al.  Ultrasonically induced hemolysis at high cell and gas body concentrations in a thin-disc exposure chamber. , 1997, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[114]  K. Shung,et al.  On the application of ultrasonic contrast agents for blood flowmetry and assessment of cardiac perfusion. , 1990, Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine.

[115]  R. Detrano,et al.  Exercise-induced ST depression in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. A meta-analysis. , 1989, Circulation.

[116]  U. Deligonul,et al.  Effect of significant two-vessel versus one-vessel coronary artery stenosis on myocardial contrast defects observed with intermittent harmonic imaging after intravenous contrast injection during dobutamine stress echocardiography. , 1997, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[117]  C. Chin,et al.  Predicting the acoustic response of a microbubble population for contrast imaging in medical ultrasound. , 2000, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[118]  P. Burns,et al.  Nonlinear imaging. , 2000, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[119]  E. G. Tickner,et al.  Gelatin encapsulated nitrogen microbubbles as ultrasonic contrast agents. , 1980, Investigative radiology.

[120]  R. M. Thomas,et al.  Ultrasound contrast agents nucleate inertial cavitation in vitro. , 1995, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[121]  L. Rayleigh VIII. On the pressure developed in a liquid during the collapse of a spherical cavity , 1917 .

[122]  S. Iliceto,et al.  Validation of a new noninvasive method (contrast-enhanced transthoracic second harmonic echo Doppler) for the evaluation of coronary flow reserve: comparison with intracoronary Doppler flow wire. , 1999, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[123]  S. Siu,et al.  Feasibility and accuracy of left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction determination by fundamental, tissue harmonic, and intravenous contrast imaging in difficult-to-image patients. , 2000, Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography.

[124]  T R Porter,et al.  Improved endocardial border resolution during dobutamine stress echocardiography with intravenous sonicated dextrose albumin. , 1994, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[125]  Peter N. Burns,et al.  Harmonic power mode Doppler using microbubble contrast agents: an improved method for small vessel flow imaging , 1994, 1994 Proceedings of IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium.