Quantifying Spinning Reserve in Systems With Significant Wind Power Penetration

The traditional unit commitment and economic dispatch approaches with deterministic spinning reserve requirements are inadequate given the intermittency and unpredictability of wind power generation. Alternative power system scheduling methods capable of aggregating the uncertainty of wind power, while maintaining reliable and economic performance, need to be investigated. In this paper, a probabilistic model of security-constrained unit commitment is proposed to minimize the cost of energy, spinning reserve and possible loss of load. A new formulation of expected energy not served considering the probability distribution of forecast errors of wind and load, as well as outage replacement rates of various generators is presented. The proposed method is solved by mixed integer linear programming. Numerical simulations on the IEEE Reliability Test System show the effectiveness of the method. The relationships of uncertainties and required spinning reserves are verified.

[1]  P. B. Eriksen,et al.  System operation with high wind penetration , 2005, IEEE Power and Energy Magazine.

[2]  S. M. Shahidehpour,et al.  Effects of ramp-rate limits on unit commitment and economic dispatch , 1993 .

[3]  Roy Billinton,et al.  Reliability evaluation of power systems , 1984 .

[4]  Lennart Siider,et al.  Reserve Margin Planning in a Wind-Hydro-Thermal Power System , 1993 .

[5]  A. Fabbri,et al.  Assessment of the cost associated with wind generation prediction errors in a liberalized electricity market , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[6]  W.L. Kling,et al.  Impacts of Wind Power on Thermal Generation Unit Commitment and Dispatch , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[7]  L. T. Anstine,et al.  Application of Probability Methods to the Determination of Spinning Reserve Requirements for the Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland Interconnection , 1963 .

[8]  H. Gooi,et al.  Spinning Reserve Estimation in Microgrids , 2011 .

[9]  F. Bouffard,et al.  An electricity market with a probabilistic spinning reserve criterion , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[10]  Wei-Jen Lee,et al.  An Integration of ANN Wind Power Estimation Into Unit Commitment Considering the Forecasting Uncertainty , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications.

[11]  Daniel S. Kirschen,et al.  Optimizing the spinning reserve requirements using a cost/benefit analysis , 2008, PES 2008.

[12]  John G. Proakis,et al.  Probability, random variables and stochastic processes , 1985, IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process..

[13]  P. Veers,et al.  To Capture the Wind , 2007, IEEE Power and Energy Magazine.

[14]  I. Miller.  Probability, Random Variables, and Stochastic Processes , 1966 .

[15]  Daniel S. Kirschen,et al.  Estimating the Spinning Reserve Requirements in Systems With Significant Wind Power Generation Penetration , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[16]  Mohammad Shahidehpour,et al.  The IEEE Reliability Test System-1996. A report prepared by the Reliability Test System Task Force of the Application of Probability Methods Subcommittee , 1999 .

[17]  W. Wood.  Spinning Reserve Constrained Static and Dynamic Economic Dispatch , 1982, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems.

[18]  D. Kirschen,et al.  Optimal scheduling of spinning reserve , 1999 .

[19]  M. Shahidehpour,et al.  Security-Constrained Unit Commitment With Volatile Wind Power Generation , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[20]  M. O'Malley,et al.  Stochastic Optimization Model to Study the Operational Impacts of High Wind Penetrations in Ireland , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[21]  Lennart Söder.  Reserve margin planning in a wind-hydro-thermal power system , 1993 .

[22]  A. Mullane,et al.  Frequency control and wind turbine technologies , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[23]  J.D. McCalley,et al.  Power System Risk Assessment and Control in a Multiobjective Framework , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[24]  M. O'Malley,et al.  A new approach to quantify reserve demand in systems with significant installed wind capacity , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[25]  Ross Baldick,et al.  The generalized unit commitment problem , 1995 .

[26]  F. Bouffard,et al.  Stochastic security for operations planning with significant wind power generation , 2008, 2008 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting - Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century.

[27]  M. Ortega-Vazquez,et al.  Optimizing the Spinning Reserve Requirements Using a Cost/Benefit Analysis , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[28]  B. Venkatesh,et al.  Fuzzy MILP Unit Commitment Incorporating Wind Generators , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[29]  K. K. Kariuki,et al.  Evaluation of reliability worth and value of lost load , 1996 .