Considering Congestion Costs and Driver Behaviour into Route Optimisation Algorithms in Smart Cities

Congestion costs have been excluded from the study of traditional vehicle routing problems until very recently. However, with our urban areas experiencing higher levels of traffic congestion, with the increase in on-demand deliveries, and with the growth of intelligent transport systems and smart cities, researchers are raising awareness on the impact that traffic congestion and driver behaviour has for urban logistics. This paper studies the evolution of the vehicle routing problem, focusing on how traffic congestion costs and driver behaviour effects have been considered so far, and analysing how the research community has to deal with this challenge.