Friends Need a Bit More: Maintaining Invariants Over Shared State

In the context of a formal programming methodology and verification system for ownership-based invariants in object-oriented programs, a friendship system is defined. Friendship is a flexible protocol that allows invariants expressed over shared state. Such invariants are more expressive than those allowed in exisiting ownership type systems because they link objects that are not in the same ownership domain. Friendship permits the modular verification of cooperating classes. This paper defines friendship, sketches a soundness proof, and provides several realistic examples.

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