The Conserved Translation Factor LepA Is Required for Optimal Synthesis of a Porin Family in Mycobacterium smegmatis

The mycobacterial cell wall is a promising target for new antibiotics due to the abundance of important membrane-associated proteins. Defining mechanisms of synthesis of the membrane proteome will be critical to uncovering and validating drug targets. ABSTRACT The recalcitrance of mycobacteria to antibiotic therapy is in part due to its ability to build proteins into a multilayer cell wall. Proper synthesis of both cell wall constituents and associated proteins is crucial to maintaining cell integrity, and intimately tied to antibiotic susceptibility. How mycobacteria properly synthesize the membrane-associated proteome, however, remains poorly understood. Recently, we found that loss of lepA in Mycobacterium smegmatis altered tolerance to rifampin, a drug that targets a nonribosomal cellular process. LepA is a ribosome-associated GTPase found in bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, yet its physiological contribution to cellular processes is not clear. To uncover the determinants of LepA-mediated drug tolerance, we characterized the whole-cell proteomes and transcriptomes of a lepA deletion mutant relative to strains with lepA. We find that LepA is important for the steady-state abundance of a number of membrane-associated proteins, including an outer membrane porin, MspA, which is integral to nutrient uptake and drug susceptibility. Loss of LepA leads to a decreased amount of porin in the membrane, which leads to the drug tolerance phenotype of the lepA mutant. In mycobacteria, the translation factor LepA modulates mycobacterial membrane homeostasis, which in turn affects antibiotic tolerance. IMPORTANCE The mycobacterial cell wall is a promising target for new antibiotics due to the abundance of important membrane-associated proteins. Defining mechanisms of synthesis of the membrane proteome will be critical to uncovering and validating drug targets. We found that LepA, a universally conserved translation factor, controls the synthesis of a number of major membrane proteins in M. smegmatis. LepA primarily controls synthesis of the major porin MspA. Loss of LepA results in decreased permeability through the loss of this porin, including permeability to antibiotics like rifampin and vancomycin. In mycobacteria, regulation from the ribosome is critical for the maintenance of membrane homeostasis and, importantly, antibiotic susceptibility.