Determination of fat- and water-soluble vitamins by supercritical fluid chromatography: A review.

Vitamins are compounds that take part in all basic functions of an organism but also are subject of number of studies performed by different researchers. Two groups of vitamins are distinguished taking into consideration their solubility. Chromatography with supercritical CO2 has found application in the determination, separation, and quantitative analyses of both fat- and water-soluble vitamins. The methods of vitamins separation have developed and improved throughout the years. Both groups of compounds were separated using supercritical fluid chromatography with different detection on different stationary phases. The main aim of this review is to provide an overview of the studies of vitamins separation that have been determined so far.

[1]  L. Nyholm,et al.  Determination of tocopherols and vitamin A in vegetable oils using packed capillary column supercritical fluid chromatography with electrochemical detection , 1999 .

[2]  K. Bartle,et al.  Relationship between retention of a solid solute in liquid and supercritical fluid chromatography and its solubility in the mobile phase , 1990 .

[3]  M. Guardia,et al.  Supercritical fluid extraction and supercritical fluid chromatography of vitamin E in pharmaceutical prepartions , 1998 .

[4]  D. McManigill,et al.  Supercritical fluid chromatography with small particle diameter packed columns , 1982 .

[5]  J. Adams,et al.  The forms of vitamin B12 in foods , 1976, British Journal of Nutrition.

[6]  David Touboul,et al.  Quantification of Retinoid Compounds by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Coupled to Ultraviolet Diode Array Detection , 2013, Chromatographia.

[7]  C. González,et al.  Purification of polyunsaturated fatty acid esters from tuna oil with supercritical fluid chromatography , 2000 .

[8]  T. Berger,et al.  Chromatographic Resolution of 7 of 8 Stereoisomers of Vitamin K1 on an Amylose Stationary Phase Using Supercritical Fluid Chromatography , 2013, Chromatographia.

[9]  M. Roth Thermodynamics of retention in supercritical fluid chromatography: a refined model , 1990 .

[10]  M. N. Myers,et al.  Dense-Gas Chromatography of Nonvolatile Substances of High Molecular Weight , 1968, Science.

[11]  H. Rodríguez Ionic Liquids for Better Separation Processes , 2016 .

[12]  E. Lesellier,et al.  Separation of trans/cis α- and β-carotenes by supercritical fluid chromatography : II. Effect of the type of octadecyl-bonded stationary phase on retention and selectivity of carotenes , 1991 .

[13]  J. Erdman,et al.  High-performance liquid chromatography and capillary supercritical-fluid chromatography separation of vegetable carotenoids and carotenoid isomers. , 1989, Journal of chromatography.

[14]  Peter W Carr,et al.  The chemical interpretation and practice of linear solvation energy relationships in chromatography. , 2006, Journal of chromatography. A.

[15]  E. Ibáñez,et al.  Isolation and separation of tocopherols from olive by-products with supercritical fluids , 2000 .

[16]  G. Brunner,et al.  New aspects on adsorption from supercritical fluid phases , 2006 .

[17]  E. Lesellier Additional studies on shape selectivity by using the carotenoid test to classify C18 bonded silica. , 2011, Journal of chromatography. A.

[18]  R. Marini,et al.  Optimization and validation of a fast supercritical fluid chromatography method for the quantitative determination of vitamin D3 and its related impurities. , 2017, Journal of chromatography. A.

[19]  Xiaoxi Wang,et al.  Simultaneous analysis of eight vitamin E isomers in Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves by ultra performance convergence chromatography. , 2016, Food chemistry.

[20]  E. Lesellier,et al.  Separation of trans/cis- α- and β-carotenes by supercritical fluid chromatography : I. Effects of temperature, pressure and organic modifiers on the retention of carotenes , 1991 .

[21]  E. Lesellier,et al.  Contribution of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography coupled to High Resolution Mass Spectrometry and UV detections for the analysis of a complex vegetable oil – Application for characterization of a Kniphofia uvaria extract , 2016 .

[22]  Abhijit Tarafder,et al.  Metamorphosis of supercritical fluid chromatography to SFC: An Overview , 2016 .

[23]  J. Shim,et al.  Phase equilibria, partial molar enthalpies, and partial molar volumes determined by supercritical fluid chromatography , 1991 .

[24]  E. Fukusaki,et al.  Highly sensitive and accurate profiling of carotenoids by supercritical fluid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. , 2009, Journal of separation science.

[25]  X. Gong,et al.  A New Method for Determination of α-Tocopherol in Tropical Fruits by Ultra Performance Convergence Chromatography with Diode Array Detector , 2014, Food Analytical Methods.

[26]  M. Lee,et al.  Packed capillary column supercritical fluid chromatography of fat-soluble vitamins using liquid crystal polysiloxane coated particles , 1996 .

[27]  A. Nomura,et al.  Supercritical fluid chromatographic determination of tocopherols on an ODS-silica gel column , 1994 .

[28]  P. Carr,et al.  Effect of Various Modifiers on Selectivity in Packed-Column Subcritical and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography , 1996 .

[29]  G. Brunner,et al.  Preparative chromatography with supercritical fluids. Comparison of simulated moving bed and batch processes. , 2007, Journal of chromatography. A.

[30]  D. Touboul,et al.  Quantification of tocopherols and tocotrienols in soybean oil by supercritical-fluid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry , 2015, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry.

[31]  H. Lukaski Vitamin and mineral status: effects on physical performance. , 2004, Nutrition.

[32]  J. Shim,et al.  Adjustable solute distribution between polymers and supercritical fluids , 1989 .

[33]  G. Ferland,et al.  Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) content of edible oils : effects of heating and light exposure , 1992 .

[34]  Margareta Sandahl,et al.  A fast and sensitive method for the separation of carotenoids using ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry , 2016, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry.

[35]  M. Kimlin,et al.  Vitamin D in health and disease: an insight into traditional functions and new roles for the ‘sunshine vitamin’ , 2009, Nutrition Research Reviews.

[36]  Wei Liu,et al.  Application of ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography for the determination of carotenoids in dietary supplements. , 2015, Journal of chromatography. A.

[37]  L. Mathiasson,et al.  Supercritical fluid extraction and chromatography for fat-soluble vitamin analysis. , 2001, Journal of chromatography. A.

[38]  E. Fukusaki,et al.  Highly sensitive and rapid profiling method for carotenoids and their epoxidized products using supercritical fluid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. , 2012, Journal of bioscience and bioengineering.

[39]  M. El-Saeid Pesticide Residues in Canned Foods, Fruits, and Vegetables: The Application of Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Chromatographic Techniques in the Analysis , 2003, TheScientificWorldJournal.

[40]  E. Chimowitz,et al.  Near-critical phenomena and resolution in supercritical fluid chromatography , 1990 .

[41]  M. Saito,et al.  Isolation of tocopherols from wheat germ oil by recycle semi-preparative supercritical fluid chromatography , 1990 .

[42]  D. Grobbee,et al.  Vitamin K intake and calcifications in breast arteries. , 2007, Maturitas.

[43]  Gitte Barknowitz,et al.  Fat-Soluble Vitamin and Carotenoid Analysis in Cooking Oils by Ultra-Performance Convergence Chromatography , 2017, Food Analytical Methods.

[44]  G. Schneider,et al.  Physicochemical Principles and Applications of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC). New analytical methods (19) , 1980 .

[45]  Choo Yuen May,et al.  Isolation of palm tocols using supercritical fluid chromatography. , 2004, Journal of chromatographic science.

[46]  E. Lundanes,et al.  Routine Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Determination of Vitamin K1 Extracted from Serum with a 96-Well Solid-Phase Extraction Method. , 2017, The journal of applied laboratory medicine.

[47]  E. Lesellier,et al.  Fast separation of triterpenoids by supercritical fluid chromatography/evaporative light scattering detector. , 2012, Journal of chromatography. A.

[48]  M. Raynor,et al.  CAROTENOID PIGMENTS: SUPERCRITICAL FLUID CHROMATOGRAPHY , 2000 .

[49]  Eiichiro Fukusaki,et al.  Simultaneous analysis for water- and fat-soluble vitamins by a novel single chromatography technique unifying supercritical fluid chromatography and liquid chromatography. , 2014, Journal of chromatography. A.

[50]  E. Fukusaki,et al.  Determination of niacin and its metabolites using supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. , 2014, Mass spectrometry.

[51]  E. Ibáñez,et al.  Optimization of fat-soluble vitamin separation by supercritical fluid chromatography , 1995 .

[52]  A. Bertucco,et al.  Production of EPA enriched mixtures by supercritical fluid chromatography: from the laboratory scale to the pilot plant , 2000 .

[53]  P. T. Gee,et al.  Vitamin E analysis by ultra-performance convergence chromatography and structural elucidation of novel α-tocodienol by high-resolution mass spectrometry. , 2016, Food chemistry.

[54]  L. T. Taylor,et al.  Supercritical Fluid Chromatography of polyphenolic compounds in grape seed extract , 2002 .

[55]  E. Lesellier Supercritical fluid chromatography for bioanalysis: practical and theoretical considerations. , 2011, Bioanalysis.

[56]  Qilong Ren,et al.  Study on retention factor and resolution of tocopherols by supercritical fluid chromatography. , 2003, Journal of chromatography. A.

[57]  S. Munné-Bosch,et al.  Vitamins in plants: occurrence, biosynthesis and antioxidant function. , 2010, Trends in plant science.

[58]  E. Ibáñez,et al.  ANALYSIS OF TOCOPHEROLS BY ON-LINE COUPLING SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION-SUPERCRITICAL FLUID CHROMATOGRAPHY , 1999 .

[59]  J. King,et al.  Production of Tocopherol Concentrates by Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Chromatography , 1996 .

[60]  C. M. White,et al.  Analysis of pharmaceuticals and other solutes of biochemical importance by supercritical fluid chromatography , 1988 .

[61]  H. Hill,et al.  Analysis of lipids in aging seed using capillary supercritical fluid chromatography , 1991 .

[62]  E. Lesellier,et al.  Ultra high efficiency/low pressure supercritical fluid chromatography with superficially porous particles for triglyceride separation. , 2014, Journal of chromatography. A.

[63]  W. H. Peterson,et al.  The occurrence of free and bound biotin. , 1942 .

[64]  J. King,et al.  Analysis of tocopherols by capillary supercritical fluid chromatography and mass spectrometry , 1993 .

[65]  J. Mollerup,et al.  Quantitative analysis of marine oils by capillary supercritical fluid chromatography , 1994 .

[66]  Cecilia Holm,et al.  A rapid method for the separation of vitamin D and its metabolites by ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry. , 2016, Journal of chromatography. A.

[67]  M. Saito,et al.  Enrichment of tocopherols in wheat germ by directly coupled supercritical fluid extraction with semipreparative supercritical fluid chromatography. , 1989, Journal of chromatographic science.

[68]  W. Willett,et al.  Intake of carrots, spinach, and supplements containing vitamin A in relation to risk of breast cancer. , 1997, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[69]  Y. Hirata,et al.  Fundamental conditions in pressure-programmed supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry and some applications to vitamin analysis , 1986 .

[70]  J. Ogden,et al.  Possibility of predicting separations in supercritical fluid chromatography with the solvation parameter model. , 2009, Journal of chromatography. A.