The XMM‐LSS survey: the Class 1 cluster sample over the initial 5 deg2 and its cosmological modelling★

We present a sample of 29 galaxy clusters from the XMM-LSS survey over an area of some 5deg2 out to a redshift of z=1.05. The sample clusters, which represent about half of the X-ray clusters identified in the region, follow well defined X-ray selection criteria and are all spectroscopically confirmed. For all clusters, we provide X-ray luminosities and temperatures as well as masses. The cluster distribution peaks around z=0.3 and T =1.5 keV, half of the objects being groups with a temperature below 2 keV. Our L-T(z) relation points toward self-similar evolution, but does not exclude other physically plausible models. Assuming that cluster scaling laws follow self-similar evolution, our number density estimates up to z=1 are compatible with the predictions of the concordance cosmology and with the findings of previous ROSAT surveys. Our well monitored selection function allowed us to demonstrate that the inclusion of selection effects is essential for the correct determination of the evolution of the L-T relation, which may explain the contradictory results from previous studies. Extensive simulations show that extending the survey area to 10deg2 has the potential to exclude the non-evolution hypothesis, but that constraints on more refined ICM models will probably be limited by the large intrinsic dispersion of the L-T relation. We further demonstrate that increasing the dispersion in the scaling laws increases the number of detectable clusters, hence generating further degeneracy [in addition to sigma8, Omega_m, L(M,z) and T(M,z)] in the cosmological interpretation of the cluster number counts. We provide useful empirical formulae for the cluster mass-flux and mass-count-rate relations as well as a comparison between the XMM-LSS mass sensitivity and that of forthcoming SZ surveys.

[1]  D. Fabricant,et al.  XBootes: An X-Ray Survey of the NDWFS Bootes Field. II. The X-Ray Source Catalog , 2005 .

[2]  A. Hornstrup,et al.  A Catalog of 203 Galaxy Clusters Serendipitously Detected in the ROSAT PSPC Pointed Observations , 1998, astro-ph/9803099.

[3]  A. Schwope,et al.  Discovery of an X-ray-Luminous Galaxy Cluster at z=1.4 , 2005 .

[4]  H. Böhringer,et al.  The Mass Function of an X-Ray Flux-limited Sample of Galaxy Clusters , 1999, astro-ph/0111285.

[5]  C. Jones,et al.  Einstein Observatory Images of Clusters of Galaxies , 1999 .

[6]  S.Campana,et al.  The Resolved Fraction of the Cosmic X-Ray Background , 2003, astro-ph/0301555.

[7]  R. Dupke,et al.  Direct Measurements of Gas Bulk Flows in the Intracluster Medium of the Centaurus Cluster with the Chandra Satellite , 2005, astro-ph/0512045.

[8]  Adrian T. Lee,et al.  APEX-SZ first light and instrument status , 2006 .

[9]  M. Markevitch,et al.  Evolution of the Cluster X-Ray Scaling Relations since z > 0.4 , 2002, astro-ph/0207445.

[10]  T. Ponman,et al.  The GEMS project: X-ray analysis and statistical properties of the group sample , 2004, astro-ph/0402439.

[11]  Jean-Luc Starck,et al.  Structure Detection in Low Intensity X-Ray Images using the Wavelet Transfor M Applied to Galaxy Cluster Cores Analysis , 1997, astro-ph/9707305.

[12]  Edward J. Wollack,et al.  Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Three Year Results: Implications for Cosmology , 2006, astro-ph/0603449.

[13]  L. Guzzo,et al.  The ROSAT-ESO Flux-limited X-Ray (REFLEX) Galaxy Cluster Survey. IV. The X-Ray Luminosity Function , 2002 .

[14]  Cambridge,et al.  XMM-Newton observation of the distant (z=0.6}) galaxy cluster RX J1120.1+4318 , 2002, astro-ph/0204306.

[15]  N. Grevesse,et al.  Standard Solar Composition , 1998 .

[16]  K. Mitsuda,et al.  X-Ray Study of 79 Distant Clusters of Galaxies: Discovery of Two Classes of Cluster Size , 2002, astro-ph/0202091.

[17]  J. Kneib,et al.  Scaling relations and mass calibration of the X-ray luminous galaxy clusters at redshift ~0.2: XMM-Newton observations , 2007, astro-ph/0702739.

[18]  G. Trinchieri,et al.  The XMM-LSS survey - The XMDS/VVDS 4 sigma catalogue , 2005 .

[19]  S. Ettori.  Note on a polytropic β-model to fit the X-ray surface brightness of clusters of galaxies , 1999, astro-ph/9908252.

[20]  S. White,et al.  A Universal Density Profile from Hierarchical Clustering , 1996, astro-ph/9611107.

[21]  J. Dickey,et al.  H I in the Galaxy , 1990 .

[22]  M. White,et al.  Future Galaxy Cluster Surveys: The Effect of Theory Uncertainty on Constraining Cosmological Parameters , 2002, astro-ph/0204273.

[23]  U. Illinois,et al.  The Birmingham–CfA cluster scaling project – II. Mass composition and distribution , 2003, astro-ph/0307457.

[24]  H. M. P. Couchman,et al.  The mass function of dark matter haloes , 2000, astro-ph/0005260.

[25]  The Serendipitous XMM-Newton Cluster Athens Survey (SEXCLAS): sample selection and the cluster log N-log S , 2005, astro-ph/0503409.

[26]  Monique Arnaud,et al.  The LX—T relation and intracluster gas fractions of X-ray clusters , 1999 .

[27]  A. Szalay,et al.  The statistics of peaks of Gaussian random fields , 1986 .

[28]  J. P. Willis,et al.  The discovery of two new galaxy-galaxy lenses from the SDSS , 2005 .

[29]  J. P. Huchra,et al.  The ROSAT Brightest Cluster Sample - IV. The extended sample , 2000 .

[30]  The X-ray luminosity-mass relation for local clusters of galaxies , 2006, astro-ph/0602324.

[31]  David H. Lumb,et al.  The XMM-Newton O project , 2005 .

[32]  G. Hasinger,et al.  The XMM-Newton Wide-Field Survey in the COSMOS Field: Statistical Properties of Clusters of Galaxies , 2006, astro-ph/0612360.

[33]  Wayne Hu,et al.  Sample Variance Considerations for Cluster Surveys , 2002 .

[34]  Jean Surdej,et al.  The XMM Large-Scale Structure survey: an initial sample of galaxy groups and clusters to a redshift z < 0.6★ , 2005 .

[35]  Wayne Hu.  Self-consistency and calibration of cluster number count surveys for dark energy , 2003 .

[36]  I. Waddington,et al.  XMM-LSS discovery of a z= 1.22 galaxy cluster , 2006, astro-ph/0607425.

[37]  K. Mitsuda,et al.  A uniform X-ray analysis of 79 distant galaxy clusters with ROSAT and ASCA , 2004, astro-ph/0407602.

[38]  A. Read.  Analysis of the XMM-Newton EPIC Background: Production of Background Maps and Event Files , 2002, astro-ph/0212436.

[39]  Galaxy evolution in clusters up to z= 1.0 , 2004, astro-ph/0405617.

[40]  R. Somerville,et al.  Profiles of dark haloes: evolution, scatter and environment , 1999, astro-ph/9908159.

[41]  D. Perley,et al.  ChaMP Serendipitous Galaxy Cluster Survey , 2006, astro-ph/0603521.

[42]  A. M. Read,et al.  The XMM Large‐Scale Structure survey: the X‐ray pipeline and survey selection function , 2006, astro-ph/0607177.

[43]  P. Mazzotta,et al.  Chandra Observation of a 300 Kiloparsec Hydrodynamic Instability in the Intergalactic Medium of the Merging Cluster of Galaxies A3667 , 2002 .

[44]  G. Voit.  Tracing cosmic evolution with clusters of galaxies , 2004, astro-ph/0410173.

[45]  The Evolution of the Galaxy Cluster Luminosity-Temperature Relation , 2002, astro-ph/0208468.

[46]  Germany,et al.  The structural and scaling properties of nearby galaxy clusters. II. The M-T relation , 2005, astro-ph/0502210.

[47]  C. Jones,et al.  ERRATUM: “CHANDRA SAMPLE OF NEARBY RELAXED GALAXY CLUSTERS: MASS, GAS FRACTION, AND MASS–TEMPERATURE RELATION” (2006, ApJ, 640, 691) , 2005, astro-ph/0507092.

[48]  William H. Press,et al.  The Cosmological constant , 1992 .

[49]  R. Della Ceca,et al.  The ROSAT Deep Cluster Survey: The X-Ray Luminosity Function out to z = 0.8 , 1997, astro-ph/9710308.

[50]  R. Narayan,et al.  On the Nature of X-Ray-Bright, Optically Normal Galaxies , 2004, astro-ph/0401117.

[51]  M. Bremer,et al.  New results from the low-frequency counterpart of the XMM large scale structure survey , 2006 .

[52]  Search for nearby stars among proper motion stars selected by optical-to-infrared photometry - II. Two late M dwarfs within 10 pc , 2002, astro-ph/0206378.

[53]  G. W. Pratt,et al.  The mass profile of A1413 observed with XMM-Newton: Implications for the M-T relation , 2002, astro-ph/0207315.

[54]  XMM-NEWTON OBSERVATIONS OF EVOLUTION OF CLUSTER X-RAY SCALING RELATIONS AT z = 0.4-0.7 , 2005, astro-ph/0504233.

[55]  A. Finoguenov,et al.  X-ray properties in massive galaxy clusters: XMM-Newton observations of the REFLEX-DXL sample ⋆ , 2006, astro-ph/0603275.

[56]  S. Borgani,et al.  THE EVOLUTION OF X-RAY CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES , 2002, astro-ph/0209035.

[57]  IfA,et al.  The evolution of the cluster X-ray scaling relations in the Wide Angle ROSAT Pointed Survey sample at 0.6 < z < 1.0 , 2005, astro-ph/0503455.

[58]  The selection function of SZ cluster surveys , 2004, astro-ph/0409564.

[59]  O. Fèvre,et al.  The XMM-Large Scale Structure catalogue: X-ray sources and associated optical data. Version I , 2007, 0708.3299.

[60]  Edward J. Wollack,et al.  First year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) observations: Determination of cosmological parameters , 2003, astro-ph/0302209.

[61]  A. Mazure,et al.  The XMM large-scale structure survey: A well-controlled X-ray cluster sample over the D1 CFHTLS area , 2006 .

[62]  S. Borgani,et al.  Scaling laws in X-ray galaxy clusters at redshift between 0.4 and 1.3 , 2004 .

[63]  Ivan Valtchanov,et al.  Cosmology with galaxy clusters in the XMM large-scale structure survey , 2002 .

[64]  S. Morris,et al.  The Extended Medium Sensitivity Survey distant cluster sample : X-ray cosmological evolution , 1990 .

[65]  A. Hornstrup,et al.  Evolution of the Cluster X-Ray Luminosity Function , 1982, astro-ph/0001376.

[66]  William H. Press,et al.  Formation of Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies by Self-Similar Gravitational Condensation , 1974 .

[67]  Naoshi Sugiyama.  Cosmic background anistropies in CDM cosmology , 1994 .

[68]  Semi-analytic predictions for statistical properties of X-ray clusters of galaxies in cold dark matter universes , 1996, astro-ph/9604141.

[69]  R. Nichol,et al.  The XMM Cluster Survey: A Massive Galaxy Cluster at z = 1.45 , 2006, astro-ph/0606075.

[70]  A. Finoguenov,et al.  Details of the mass-temperature relation for clusters of galaxies , 2001 .

[71]  J. Surdej,et al.  The XMM-LSS survey. First high redshift galaxy clusters: Relaxed and collapsing systems , 2003, astro-ph/0305192.

[72]  M. Lueker,et al.  APEX-SZ a Sunyaev–Zel’dovich galaxy cluster survey , 2003 .

[73]  A. Romer,et al.  A Serendipitous Galaxy Cluster Survey with XMM: Expected Catalog Properties and Scientific Applications , 1999, astro-ph/9911499.

[74]  Subhabrata Majumdar,et al.  Importance of Cluster Structural Evolution in Using X-Ray and Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect Galaxy Cluster Surveys to Study Dark Energy , 2002 .