According to GLOBOCAN 2020 Statistics based on estimates for 36 cancers incidence and mortality in 185 countries produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 2020, the total number of cancer cases increased by 19.3 million new cases and the number of cancer deaths increased by 10 million new cancer deaths. According to statistics, 1 of 5 people develops cancer during their life, and one of 8 men and one of 11 women die from the disease. The cancer burden to 2040 is expected to increase by 28.4 million cases. The dynamics of incidence and mortality from malignant neoplasms in the Russia is registered by the P. Hertsen Moscow Oncology Research Institute (MORI), branch of the National Medical Research Radiolog-ical Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. The data received in 2019 and 2010 were compared. The increase in cancer incidence over 10 years was 24%. However, thyroid cancer incidence surpasses other cancers incidence by 58%. The following main risk factors for potential regional induction of thyroid cancer are: the environmental situation in regions of Russia, the effects of the Chernobyl accident, and health effects of population exposed to radiation, approved with modern medical equipment. Based on epidemiological studies, it has been numerically proven that the above listed main risk factors are responsible for the significant increase in thyroid cancer incidence in Russia.