Biological efficiencies in multiple-cropping systems

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the biological efficiencies in multiple-cropping systems. Many multiple-cropping systems persist on farms on which resources are limited and the level of new technology is low. Intensive cropping systems, often with mixtures of species, have reached high yield levels using pesticides, improved cultivars, and other high-input technology in countries such as China, Taiwan, the Philippines, and Thailand. Multiple cropping of cereals, grain legumes, and root crops forms the basis of farming systems for many subsistence farmers in the developing world. The most intensive use of time and space occurs with the simultaneous or near-simultaneous plantings of two or more crops. Detailed growth analysis and measurement of resource use are being used to broaden the knowledge base on competition and productivity. Double cropping, which includes two crops in the field in a sequential pattern, provides opportunity for much greater temporal interception of total radiation through the year compared to any single crop, unless that one crop has an extremely long growth cycle. Pest management in multiple-cropping systems is also elaborated.

[1]  R. Shibles,et al.  Influence of spatial arrangements of maize on performance of an associated soybean intercrop , 1984 .

[2]  J. G. Clapp.  Overseeding Small Grain in Standing Soybeans vs Conventional Planting Methods 1 , 1974 .

[3]  W. D. Kemper,et al.  Movement of Nutrients to Plant Roots , 1968 .

[4]  J. Hill,et al.  Methods of analysing competition with special reference to herbage plants: I. Establishment , 1973, The Journal of Agricultural Science.

[5]  R. Lal.  Conversion of Tropical Rainforest: Agronomic Potential and Ecological Consequences , 1986 .

[6]  M. S. Reddy,et al.  A Field Technique for Separating Above- and Below-Ground Interactions in Intercropping: an Experiment With Pearl Millet/Groundnut , 1981, Experimental Agriculture.

[7]  W. Schutz,et al.  Inter-Genotypic Competition in Soybeans. III. An Evaluation of Stability in Multiline Mixtures 1 , 1971 .

[8]  G. Rogler,et al.  Nitrogen Fertilization of Northern Great Plains Rangelands. , 1957 .

[9]  P. W. Wilson.  The biochemistry of symbiotic nitrogen fixation. , 1941 .

[10]  I. Rhodes.  The production of contrasting genotypes of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in monocultures and mixed cultures of varying complexity. , 1970 .

[11]  R. H. Lockerman,et al.  Evaluation of Allelopathic Cucumbers (Cucumis sativus) as an Aid to Weed Control , 1979, Weed Science.

[12]  T. Muzik,et al.  Weed Biology and Control. , 1971 .

[13]  H. G. Baker.  Plants and Civilization , 1970, Fundamentals of Botany Series.

[14]  A. Agboola,et al.  Fixation and Excretion of Nitrogen by Tropical Legumes1 , 1972 .

[15]  U. Usa,et al.  Yearbook of agriculture. , 1936 .

[16]  M. Mouat,et al.  Competition between grass and clover for phosphate: I. Effect of browntop (Agrostis tenuis Sibth) on white clover (Trifolium repens L.) growth and nitrogen fixation , 1972 .

[17]  R. D. Ward.  Climate and Man , 1907 .

[18]  T. C. Olson,et al.  Water Loss from an Irrigated Sorghum Field: I. Water Flux within and below the Root Zone 1 , 1973 .

[19]  I. Akobundu.  Weeds and their control in the humid and subhumid tropics. , 1980 .

[20]  Thomas F. Barton,et al.  The Western Range , 1937 .

[21]  Jhc Davis,et al.  The effects of plant arrangement and density on intercropped beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and maize II. Comparison of relay intercropping and simultaneous planting , 1987 .

[22]  E. E. Hartwig,et al.  Competition of Johnsongrass and Cocklebur with Six Soybean Varieties , 1972, Weed Science.

[23]  P. Ramakrishnan,et al.  Studies on crop-legume behaviour in pure and mixed stands , 1975 .

[24]  C. Francis,et al.  Economic analysis of bean and maize systems: monoculture versus associated cropping , 1978 .

[25]  P. Sánchez,et al.  Properties and Management of Soils in the Tropics , 1977 .

[26]  F. D. Whisler,et al.  Crop simulation models in agronomic systems , 1986 .

[27]  J. Brewster,et al.  Nutrient cation flows in soil around plant roots. , 1970 .

[28]  R. Mead,et al.  The Concept of a ‘Land Equivalent Ratio’ and Advantages in Yields from Intercropping , 1980, Experimental Agriculture.

[29]  P. Fay,et al.  An Assessment of Allelopathic Potential in Avena Germ Plasm , 1977, Weed Science.

[30]  Miguel A. Altieri,et al.  Agroecology and small farm development. , 1990 .

[31]  J. Tothill.  Agriculture in Uganda , 1942 .

[32]  Charles Francis,et al.  Multiple Cropping Systems , 1986 .

[33]  K. W. Finlay,et al.  The analysis of adaptation in a plant-breeding programme , 1963 .

[34]  F. Blamey,et al.  Nitrogen fertilizer effects on yield and nitrogen uptake of sorghum and soybean, grown in sole cropping and intercropping systems , 1985 .

[35]  Charles Francis,et al.  Cropping systems based on farm-derived, renewable resources , 1988 .

[36]  C. Francis,et al.  Transgressive yielding in bean: Maize intercrops; interference in time and space , 1985 .

[37]  R. Allard,et al.  A Comparison of the Performance of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Barley Populations 1 , 1969 .

[38]  W. R. Stern,et al.  Cereal–Legume Intercropping Systems , 1987 .

[39]  R. Yadav.  Intercropping Pigeonpea to Conserve Fertilizer Nitrogen in Maize and Produce Residual Effects On Sugarcane , 1981, Experimental Agriculture.

[40]  A. Putnam,et al.  Biological Suppression of Weeds: Evidence for Allelopathy in Accessions of Cucumber , 1974, Science.

[41]  J. M. Wet,et al.  Origins of African Plant Domestication , 1976 .

[42]  R. Haynes.  Competitive Aspects of the Grass-Legume Association , 1980 .

[43]  J. Etherington.  Environment and plant ecology , 1976 .

[44]  Daniel Goodman,et al.  The Theory of Diversity-Stability Relationships in Ecology , 1975, The Quarterly Review of Biology.

[45]  C. Francis,et al.  Genotype ✕ Environment Interactions in Bush Bean Cultivars in Monoculture and Associated with Maize 1 , 1978 .

[46]  P. Pfahler.  Environmental Variability and Genetic Diversity Within Populations of Oats (Cultivated Species of Avena) and Rye (Secale cereale L.) 1 , 1965 .

[47]  R. B. Root.  Organization of a Plant-Arthropod Association in Simple and Diverse Habitats: The Fauna of Collards (Brassica Oleracea) , 1973 .

[48]  David Pimentel,et al.  CRC handbook of pest management in agriculture , 1990 .

[49]  Catherine E. Bach,et al.  Effects of Plant Density and Diversity on the Population Dynamics of a Specialist Herbivore, the Striped Cucumber Beetle, Acalymma Vittata (Fab) , 1980 .

[50]  J. Wight,et al.  Interseeding and pitting on a sandy range site in eastern Montana. , 1974 .

[51]  W. K. Mason,et al.  Intercropping in a temperate environment for irrigated fodder production , 1987 .

[52]  D. Andow,et al.  Agroecosystem Diversity and Pest Control: Data, Tentative Conclusions, and New Research Directions , 1983 .

[53]  R. Dalal.  Effects of Intercropping Maize with Pigeon Peas on Grain Yield and Nutrient Uptake , 1974, Experimental Agriculture.

[54]  T. Wahua,et al.  Nutrient Uptake by Intercropped Maize and Cowpeas and a Concept of Nutrient Supplementation Index (NSI) , 1983, Experimental Agriculture.

[55]  R. Mead,et al.  Statistical Assessment of Different Ways of Calculating Land Equivalent Ratios (LER) , 1982, Experimental Agriculture.

[56]  M. Altieri.  Agroecology: The Scientific Basis Of Alternative Agriculture , 1987 .

[57]  H. Nicol.  THE DERIVATION OF THE NITROGEN OF CROP PLANTS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ASSOCIATED GROWTH , 1934 .

[58]  A. Smith,et al.  Application of Vegetation Science to Grassland Husbandry , 1977, Handbook of Vegetation Science.

[59]  D. Nangju,et al.  Plant density effects on growth, yield, leaf area index and light transmission on intercropped maize and Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. in Nigeria , 1982, The Journal of Agricultural Science.

[60]  M. Cannell,et al.  Trees as Crop Plants. , 1987 .

[61]  T. J. Rego,et al.  Comparison of the requirements and utilization of nitrogen by genotypes of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), and nodulating and non-nodulating groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) , 1986 .

[62]  M. R. Rao,et al.  Evaluation of Yield Stability in Intercropping: Studies on Sorghum/Pigeonpea , 1980, Experimental Agriculture.

[63]  J. C. Anderson,et al.  Performance of Mixtures of Field Corn ( Zea mays L.) Hybrids 1 , 1964 .

[64]  K. Barley.  The Configuration of the Root System in Relation to Nutrient Uptake , 1970 .

[65]  C. Donald,et al.  Competition Among Crop and Pasture Plants , 1963 .

[66]  S. A. Barber.  A DIFFUSION AND MASS‐FLOW CONCEPT OF SOIL NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY , 1962 .

[67]  R. Hall.  Analysis of the nature of interference between plants of different species. II.* Nutrient relations in a Nandi Setaria and Greenleaf Desmodium association with particular reference to potassium , 1974 .

[68]  P. P. Singh,et al.  Effect of Legume Intercropping on Enrichment of Soil Nitrogen, Bacterial Activity and Productivity of Associated Maize Crops , 1986, Experimental Agriculture.

[69]  R. D. Seif,et al.  Role of Height in Corn Competition 1 , 1962 .

[70]  G. Buchanan,et al.  Crop Manipulation in Integrated Weed Management Systems , 1982, Weed Science.

[71]  R. W. Willey,et al.  Sorghum-pigeonpea intercropping and the effects of plant population density , 1980, The Journal of Agricultural Science.

[72]  T. A. O'brien,et al.  A Comparison of Yields from Plots Sown with a Single Species or a Mixture of Grass Species , 1968 .

[73]  D. Andrews.  Intercropping with Sorghum in Nigeria , 1972, Experimental Agriculture.

[74]  K. Frey,et al.  Relative Productivity of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Oat Cultivars in Optimum and Suboptimum Environments 1 , 1967 .

[75]  K. A. Hibberd,et al.  Herbicide Resistance in Plants , 2020 .

[76]  C. Francis,et al.  Stability of Grain Sorghum Yield Components Across Diverse Environments1 , 1983 .

[77]  C. Qualset,et al.  Frequency Dependent Stability of Performance in Oats 1 , 1970 .

[78]  Van den Bergh,et al.  Competition between herbage plants , 1965 .

[79]  C. R. Weber,et al.  Effects of Annual Weeds on the Growth and Yield of Soybeans 1 , 1956 .

[80]  F. Bergersen.  Biochemistry of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in Legumes , 1971 .

[81]  R. Hall.  Analysis of the nature of interference between plants of different species. I. Concepts and extension of the de Wit analysis to examine effects , 1974 .

[82]  C. Sauer.  Early Relations of Man to Plants , 1947 .

[83]  W. K. Robertson,et al.  Planting Corn in Sod and Small Grain Residues with Minimum Tillage1 , 1976 .

[84]  R. Crookston,et al.  Grain Yields and Land Equivalent Ratios from Intercropping Corn and Soybeans in Minnesota1 , 1979 .

[85]  G. H. Abernathy,et al.  Rootplowing and seeding arid rangelands in the Southwest. , 1973 .

[86]  S. Gliessman,et al.  Use of the “non-weed” concept in traditional tropical agroecosystems of south-eastern Mexico , 1982 .

[87]  C. Francis,et al.  Effects of Bean Association on Yields and Yield Components of Maize1 , 1978 .

[88]  W. A. Russell,et al.  Stability Parameters for Comparing Varieties , 1966 .

[90]  K. Steiner.  Intercropping in tropical smallholder agriculture with special reference to West Africa. , 1982 .

[91]  R. Duncan,et al.  THE INFLUENCE OF RATOON CROPPING ON SWEET SORGHUM YIELD, SUGAR PRODUCTION, AND INSECT DAMAGE , 1984 .

[92]  S. Risch,et al.  Vegetation diversity and insect pest outbreaks , 1984 .

[93]  P. Huxley,et al.  Use of a Systematic Spacing Design as an Aid to the Study of Inter-cropping: Some General Considerations , 1978, Experimental Agriculture.

[94]  T. Wahua.  Rhizosphere bacterial counts for intercropped maize (Zea mays L.), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) and ‘egusi’ melon (Colosynthis vulgaris L.) , 1984 .

[95]  R. Yadav.  Minimizing Nitrate-nitrogen Leaching by Parallel Multiple Cropping in Long-duration Row Crops , 1982, Experimental Agriculture.

[96]  P. F. Pratt,et al.  Decreases in Exchangeable Magnesium in an Irrigated Soil During 28 Years of Differential Fertilization 1 , 1957 .

[97]  B. Trenbath,et al.  Biomass Productivity of Mixtures , 1974 .

[98]  D. Norman.  Rationalising mixed cropping under indigenous conditions: The example of Northern Nigeria , 1974 .

[99]  M. Fawusi.  Influence of spatial arrangements on the growth, fruit and grain yields and yield components of intercropped maize and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) , 1985 .

[100]  C. R. Weber,et al.  Effects of Genetic Heterogeneity Within Two Soybean Populations I. Variability Within Environments and Stability Across Environments1 , 1968 .

[101]  C. Mcgilchrist.  Analysis of Competition Experiments , 1965 .

[102]  Jhc Davis,et al.  Competitive ability and growth habit of indeterminate beans and maize for intercropping , 1983 .

[103]  K. A. Gomez,et al.  Multiple cropping in the humid tropics of Asia , 1983 .

[104]  R. Shibles,et al.  An analysis of competition between intercropped cowpea and maize I. Soil N and P levels and their relationships with dry matter and seed productivity , 1985 .

[105]  Jhc Davis,et al.  The effects of plant arrangement and density on intercropped beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and maize I. Traits related to dry matter and seed productivity , 1987 .

[106]  D. Letourneau,et al.  Vegetation management and biological control in agroecosystems , 1982 .

[107]  D. Charles-Edwards,et al.  Relations between summer crops and ground cover legumes in a subtropical environment 1. Effects of a Vigna trilobata ground cover on growth and yield of sorghum and sunflower , 1986 .

[108]  L. Holm.  The Role of Weeds in Human Affairs , 1971, Weed Science.

[109]  K. Kawano,et al.  Intraspecific Competition, Competition with Weeds, and Spacing Response in Rice 1 , 1974 .

[110]  C.J.T. Spitters,et al.  An alternative approach to the analysis of mixed cropping experiments. I. Estimation of competition effects , 1983 .

[111]  C. Francis,et al.  Bean-maize intercrops: A comparison of bush and climbing bean growth habits , 1985 .

[112]  A. Hall,et al.  Effect of intercropping on the water relations of sorghum and cowpea , 1984 .

[113]  David A. Andow,et al.  Environmental and social costs of pesticides: A preliminary assessment , 1980 .

[114]  H. L. Ahlgren,et al.  Harmful Root Interactions as a Possible Explanation for Effects Noted between Various Species of Grasses and Legumes1 , 1939 .

[115]  K. Mcnaught.  Potassium deficiency in pastures , 1958 .

[116]  Yegna Narayan Aiyer.  Mixed cropping in Iidia. , 1949 .

[117]  M. Mouat,et al.  Competition between grass and clover for phosphate , 1972 .