Men, Women and Risk Aversion: Experimental Evidence

This paper reviews the results from experimental measures of risk aversion for evidence of systematic differences in the behavior of men and women. In most studies, women are found to be more averse to risk than men. Studies with contextual frames show less consistent results.

[1]  Stanley M. Atkinson,et al.  Do Female Mutual Fund Managers Manage Differently , 2003 .

[2]  D. Kandel,et al.  Patterns of drug use from adolescence to young adulthood: I. Periods of risk for initiation, continued use, and discontinuation. , 1984, American journal of public health.

[3]  William T. Harbaugh,et al.  Risk Attitudes of Children and Adults: Choices Over Small and Large Probability Gains and Losses , 2002 .

[4]  D. Kandel,et al.  Patterns of drug use from adolescence to young adulthood: II. Sequences of progression. , 1984, American journal of public health.

[5]  Craig R. M. McKenzie,et al.  When negative evidence increases confidence: change in belief after hearing two sides of a dispute , 2002 .

[6]  Catherine C. Eckel,et al.  Forecasting Risk Attitudes: An Experimental Study Using Actual and Forecast Gamble Choices , 2008 .

[7]  E. Weber,et al.  A Domain-Specific Risk-Attitude Scale: Measuring Risk Perceptions and Risk Behaviors , 2002 .

[8]  C. K. Mertz,et al.  Gender, race, and perception of environmental health risks. , 1994, Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis.

[9]  M. Brinig.  Does Mediation Systematically Disadvantage Women , 1995 .

[10]  Susan L. Cutter,et al.  En-gendered fears: femininity and technological risk perception , 1992 .

[11]  Jamie B. Kruse,et al.  Ambiguity and Gender Differences in Financial Decision Making: An Experimental Examination of Competence and Confidence Effects , 2002 .

[12]  P. Slovic,et al.  ASSESSMENT OF RISK TAKING BEHAVIOR. , 1964, Psychological bulletin.

[13]  G. Harrison,et al.  Risk Aversion in the Laboratory , 2008 .

[14]  Paul E Mullen,et al.  Homicide , 2000, Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science.

[15]  David Ansic,et al.  Gender differences in risk behaviour in financial decision-making: An experimental analysis. , 1997 .

[16]  O. Mitchell,et al.  Positioning pensions for the twenty-first century , 1997 .

[17]  Charles A. Holt,et al.  Risk Aversion and Incentive Effects , 2002 .

[18]  Jamie B. Kruse,et al.  Valuing low probability risk: survey and experimental evidence , 2003 .

[19]  Patricia E. Boverie,et al.  Multimethodological approach to examining risk-taking , 1994 .

[20]  Jack L. VanDerhei,et al.  Risk Aversion and Pension Investment Choices. , 1995 .

[21]  C. Starmer.  Developments in Non-expected Utility Theory: The Hunt for a Descriptive Theory of Choice under Risk , 2000 .

[22]  Steven J. Kachelmeier,et al.  Examining Risk Preferences under High Monetary Incentives: Experimental Evidence from the People's Republic of China , 1992 .

[23]  Pieter Jan M. Stallen,et al.  Public Concern About Industrial Hazards , 1988 .

[24]  R. Cooperstock,et al.  Research on psychotropic drug use. A review of findings and methods. , 1982, Social science & medicine.

[25]  H. Brachinger,et al.  Gender Specific Attitudes Towards Risk and Ambiguity: An Experimental Investigation , 2000 .

[26]  N. Jonker,et al.  Linking Measured Risk Aversion to Individual Characteristics , 2002 .

[27]  P Slovic,et al.  Perceived risks of radioactive waste transport through Oregon: results of a statewide survey. , 1994, Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis.

[28]  Catherine C. Eckel,et al.  Measuring Ambiguity Aversion , 2006 .

[29]  Michael R. Gottfredson,et al.  A general theory of crime. , 1992 .

[30]  G. Harrison.  Theory and Misbehavior of First-Price Auctions , 1989 .

[31]  Irwin P. Levin,et al.  The Interaction of Experiential and Situational Factors and Gender in a Simulated Risky Decision-Making Task , 1988 .

[32]  Glenn W. Harrison,et al.  Theory and Misbehavior of First-Price Auctions: Reply , 1992 .

[33]  Gender differences in attitudes toward nuclear war and disarmament , 1987 .

[34]  H. Brachinger,et al.  Gender specific attitudes towards risk and ambiguity , 2000 .

[35]  Richard J. Herrnstein,et al.  Crime and Human Nature , 1985 .

[36]  E. Weber,et al.  Domain-specificity and gender differences in decision making , 2001 .

[37]  N. Jianakoplos,et al.  ARE WOMEN MORE RISK AVERSE , 1998 .

[38]  Eric Johnson,et al.  Risk Aversion and Incentive Effects: Comment , 2004 .

[39]  Charles R. Plott,et al.  The Willingness to Pay/Willingness to Accept Gap, The "Endowment Effect" and Experimental Procedures for Eliciting Valuations , 2002 .

[40]  Catherine C. Eckel,et al.  Sex Differences and Statistical Stereotyping in Attitudes Toward Financial Risk , 2002 .

[41]  W. Hawkins,et al.  Gender differences in perception of risk associated with alcohol and drug use among college students. , 1993, Women & health.

[42]  Jack P. Gibbs,et al.  Crime and Human Nature by James Q. Wilson and Richard J. Herrnstein. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985. , 1985 .

[43]  Renate Schubert,et al.  Financial Decision-Making: Are Women Really More Risk-Averse? , 1999 .

[44]  Annika E. Sundén,et al.  Gender Differences in the Allocation of Assets in Retirement Savings Plans , 1998 .

[45]  P. Powell,et al.  Decision Making, Risk and Gender: Are Managers Different? , 1994 .