[INVITED] An overview of the state of art in laser welding simulation

Abstract The work presented in this paper deals with the laser welding simulation. Due to the rise of laser processing in industry, its simulation takes also more and more place. Nevertheless, the physical phenomena occurring are quite complex and, above all, very coupled. Thus, a state of art is necessary to summarize phenomena that have to be considered. Indeed, the electro-magnetic wave interacts with the material surface, heating the piece until the fusion and the vaporization. The vaporization induces a recoil pressure and deforms the liquid/vapor interface creating a vapor capillary. The heat diffused in the material produces thermal dilatation leading to mechanical stress and strain. As a complete simulation is too large to be computed with one model, the literature is composed by two kinds of models, the thermo-mechanical simulations and the multi-physical simulations. The first aims to find the mechanical stress and strain due to the welding. The model is usually simplified in order to reduce the simulation size. The second, compute the more accurately the thermal and the velocity fields. In that case authors usually search also the size of the weld bead and want to be totally self consistent. In this review, the major part of equations and assumptions needed to simulate laser welding are shown. Their effects on simulation results are illustrated for each simulation type. The paper aims to give sufficient knowledge and tools to allow a simulation of laser welding.