Childhood immunization registries. A national review of public health information systems and the protection of privacy.

COMMON childhood illnesses, such as measles, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, and polio, once accounted for a substantial proportion of infant and child morbidity and mortality in the United States.1Complete and timely early immunization can now effectively prevent these and other childhood diseases.2-4Despite the potential to protect the health of society's most vulnerable population, approximately one third of the 4 million infants born annually in the United States do not receive all of their recommended immunizations by age 2 years.5 The rate of complete immunization of school-aged children in the United States (>95%) is as high, or higher, than most other developed countries.6,7Yet the rate of full immunization of preschoolers (

[1]  W. Orenstein,et al.  Barriers to Vaccinating Preschool Children , 2010, Journal of health care for the poor and underserved.

[2]  J. Hepworth,et al.  Use of perinatal and infant health services by Mexican-American Medicaid enrollees. , 1994, JAMA.

[3]  E. Zell,et al.  Monitoring progress toward US preschool immunization goals. , 1992, JAMA.

[4]  L. Gostin,et al.  Privacy and security of personal information in a new health care system. , 1993, JAMA.

[5]  I. B. Pless,et al.  The organization and evaluation of a computer-assisted, centralized immunization registry. , 1983, American journal of public health.

[6]  G. DeFriese,et al.  Childhood immunization programs: an analysis of policy issues. , 1993, The Milbank quarterly.

[7]  R. Linkins,et al.  A randomized trial of the effectiveness of computer-generated telephone messages in increasing immunization visits among preschool children. , 1994, Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine.

[8]  A. Hinman.  Immunizations in the United States. , 1990, Pediatrics.

[9]  J. Feldman,et al.  Health, United States, 1993 , 1994 .

[10]  B. Yudkowsky,et al.  Pediatrician participation in Medicaid: 1978 to 1989. , 1990, Pediatrics.

[11]  J. Litt,et al.  Improving influenza vaccine coverage in at‐risk groups , 1993, The Medical journal of Australia.

[12]  Klachko Dm,et al.  Effect of a microcomputer-based registry on adult immunizations. , 1989 .

[13]  J. Durch.  Overcoming Barriers to Immunization: A Workshop Summary , 1994 .

[14]  L. Gostin,et al.  What's wrong with the ERISA vacuum? Employers' freedom to limit health care coverage provided by risk retention plans. , 1993, JAMA.

[15]  F. Cutts,et al.  Causes of low preschool immunization coverage in the United States. , 1992, Annual review of public health.

[16]  R. Daum,et al.  Accuracy of immunization histories provided by adults accompanying preschool children to a pediatric emergency department. , 1993, JAMA.

[17]  V. Dietz,et al.  Standards for Pediatric Immunization Practices , 1993 .

[18]  B. Williams.  Immunization coverage among preschool children: the United States and selected European countries. , 1990, Pediatrics.

[19]  K. Cantell,et al.  The elimination of indigenous measles, mumps, and rubella from Finland by a 12-year, two-dose vaccination program. , 1994, The New England journal of medicine.

[20]  P. Salsberry,et al.  Why aren't preschoolers immunized? A comparison of parents' and providers' perceptions of the barriers to immunizations. , 1993, Journal of community health nursing.

[21]  D. Hemenway.  Economics of Childhood Immunization , 1994 .

[22]  K J Roghmann,et al.  Missed opportunities for childhood vaccinations in office practices and the effect on vaccination status. , 1993, Pediatrics.

[23]  E. Clayton,et al.  Parents' responses to vaccine information pamphlets. , 1994, Pediatrics.

[24]  G. Stollerman,et al.  The measles epidemic. The problems, barriers, and recommendations. The National Vaccine Advisory Committee. , 1991, JAMA.

[25]  S. Krugman,et al.  The resurgence of measles in the United States, 1989-1990. , 1992, Annual review of medicine.

[26]  L E Rodewald,et al.  Improving influenza vaccination rates in children with asthma: a test of a computerized reminder system and an analysis of factors predicting vaccination compliance. , 1992, Pediatrics.

[27]  R. Heidel,et al.  Healthy People 2000: national health promotion and disease prevention objectives (excerpts). US Public Health Service. , 1991, Journal of allied health.

[28]  R. Johnston,et al.  Adverse Events Associated with Childhood Vaccines: Evidence Bearing on Causality , 1994 .

[29]  K. Tollestrup,et al.  Evaluation of a follow-up system in a county health department's immunization clinic. , 1991, American Journal of Preventive Medicine.

[30]  J. Marks,et al.  Effectiveness of a mailed reminder on the immunization levels of infants at high risk of failure to complete immunizations. , 1980, American journal of public health.

[31]  G. Freed,et al.  The Comprehensive Childhood Immunization Act of 1993. Toward a more rational approach. , 1993, The New England journal of medicine.

[32]  Lawrence O Gostin,et al.  Health information privacy. , 1995, Cornell law review.

[33]  W. Orenstein,et al.  Toward immunizing every child on time. , 1994, Pediatrics.

[34]  R. Hayward,et al.  Access to medical care for children and adolescents in the United States. , 1990, Pediatrics.

[35]  P. Thapa,et al.  Risk of serious acute neurological illness after immunization with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine. A population-based case-control study. , 1994, JAMA.

[36]  Records, Computers and the Rights of Citizens , 1973 .

[37]  W. Schaffner,et al.  Infant immunization surveillance: cost vs effect. A prospective, controlled evaluation of a large-scale program in Rhode Island. , 1970, Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA).