Feasibility evaluation of large-scale underground hydrogen storage in bedded salt rocks of China: A case study in Jiangsu province

Abstract Taking Jiangsu province of China as an example, large-scale underground hydrogen storage (UHS) in salt caverns is proposed to realize peak shaving for wind power. A bedded salt rock, Jintan salt mine in Jiangsu, is selected as the potential site for UHS. And the feasibility of UHS in bedded salt rocks is evaluated. Firstly, the regional geological conditions of Jintan salt mine are analyzed. It shows that this mine has good stratigraphic trapping and meets the site-selection requirements for UHS. Then, a numerical simulation model is established to analyze the stability and applicability of the proposed UHS caverns. The tightness of the UHS salt caverns is also investigated. It is indicated that gas tightness can be favorable once the permeability of interlayers is around 10−18 m2 or lower. Finally, it is estimated that the salt caverns for 36.9 TWh-scale UHS of Jiangsu can be mainly provided by salt mine enterprises, but more attention should be paid to the usability of caverns during extraction. This study provides a feasible and economical solution for fulfilling the large-scale UHS in the Jiangsu, as well as for the regions that are rich in both renewable energy and salt resources.

[1]  Z. Hou,et al.  Influence of water-insoluble content on the short-term strength of bedded rock salt from three locations in China , 2015, Environmental Earth Sciences.

[2]  G. Brundtland,et al.  Our common future , 1987 .

[3]  J.J.K. Daemen,et al.  Comprehensive feasibility study of two-well-horizontal caverns for natural gas storage in thinly-bedded salt rocks in China , 2018 .

[4]  A. Aplin,et al.  A permeability–porosity relationship for mudstones , 2010 .

[5]  Siddhartha Kumar Khaitan,et al.  Modeling and simulation of compressed air storage in caverns: A case study of the Huntorf plant , 2012 .

[6]  Nan Zhang,et al.  Tightness Analysis of Underground Natural Gas and Oil Storage Caverns With Limit Pillar Widths in Bedded Rock Salt , 2020, IEEE Access.

[7]  Marco Mazzotti,et al.  Seasonal energy storage for zero-emissions multi-energy systems via underground hydrogen storage , 2020, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.

[8]  D. Stolten,et al.  Geological Storage for the Transition from Natural to Hydrogen Gas , 2013 .

[9]  P. Enevoldsen,et al.  The past, present and potential of hydrogen as a multifunctional storage application for wind power , 2019, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.

[10]  Erik Wolf,et al.  Large-Scale Hydrogen Energy Storage , 2015 .

[11]  Brian Vad Mathiesen,et al.  Energy system analysis of 100% renewable energy systems-The case of Denmark in years 2030 and 2050 , 2009 .

[12]  Wei Liu,et al.  Research on the Stability and Treatments of Natural Gas Storage Caverns With Different Shapes in Bedded Salt Rocks , 2020, IEEE Access.

[13]  William C. Leighty,et al.  Running the world on renewables: Hydrogen transmission pipelines and firming geologic storage , 2008 .

[14]  Christopher P. Schaber,et al.  Utility-Scale Storage of Renewable Energy , 2004 .

[15]  Mlikhail Panfilov,et al.  Underground Storage of Hydrogen: In Situ Self-Organisation and Methane Generation , 2010 .

[16]  P. Bérest.  Cases, causes and classifications of craters above salt caverns , 2017 .

[17]  Hui Zhang,et al.  Review of factors affecting China’s offshore wind power industry , 2016 .

[18]  H. Moayedi,et al.  Employing artificial bee colony and particle swarm techniques for optimizing a neural network in prediction of heating and cooling loads of residential buildings , 2020 .

[19]  B. Mathiesen,et al.  100% Renewable energy systems, climate mitigation and economic growth , 2011 .

[20]  J Ogden.  WHERE WILL THE HYDROGEN COME FROM? SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS AND HYDROGEN SUPPLY. IN: THE HYDROGEN ENERGY TRANSITION: MOVING TOWARD THE POST PETROLEUM AGE IN TRANSPORTATION , 2004 .

[21]  Xilin Shi,et al.  Modeling the construction of energy storage salt caverns in bedded salt , 2019 .

[22]  Jahangir Hossain,et al.  Large Scale Renewable Power Generation: Advances in Technologies for Generation, Transmission and Storage , 2014 .

[23]  A. Özarslan.  Large-scale hydrogen energy storage in salt caverns , 2012 .

[24]  Yang Li,et al.  An overview of hydrogen underground storage technology and prospects in China , 2014 .

[25]  D. Jiang,et al.  Computed tomography analysis on cyclic fatigue and damage properties of rock salt under gas pressure , 2020 .

[26]  C. Peach,et al.  Investigation on the permeability characteristics of bedded salt rocks and the tightness of natural gas caverns in such formations , 2016 .

[27]  Xilin Shi,et al.  Construction modeling and shape prediction of horizontal salt caverns for gas/oil storage in bedded salt , 2020 .

[28]  Jaak J.K. Daemen,et al.  Permeability characteristics of mudstone cap rock and interlayers in bedded salt formations and tightness assessment for underground gas storage caverns , 2015 .

[29]  Bernd Möller,et al.  Feasibility study of China’s offshore wind target by 2020 , 2012 .

[30]  Adrian Ilinca,et al.  Energy storage systems—Characteristics and comparisons , 2008 .

[31]  D. Jiang,et al.  Thermodynamic and applicability analysis of a hybrid CAES system using abandoned coal mine in China , 2018, Energy.

[32]  Kai Zhang,et al.  Geotechnical Feasibility Analysis of Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) in Bedded Salt Formations: a Case Study in Huai’an City, China , 2015, Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering.

[33]  Urbain Nzotcha,et al.  Integrated multi-criteria decision making methodology for pumped hydro-energy storage plant site selection from a sustainable development perspective with an application , 2019, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.

[34]  Yongxue Liu,et al.  Onshore-offshore wind energy resource evaluation based on synergetic use of multiple satellite data and meteorological stations in Jiangsu Province, China , 2019, Frontiers of Earth Science.

[35]  V. Putsche,et al.  Survey of the Economics of Hydrogen Technologies , 1999 .

[36]  Yang Chunhe,et al.  Modeling the mining of energy storage salt caverns using a structural dynamic mesh , 2020 .

[37]  K. Staudtmeister,et al.  Salt Structure Information System (InSpEE) as a Supporting Tool for Evaluation of Storage Capacity of Caverns for Renewable Energies - Rock Mechanical Design for CAES and H2 Storage Caverns , 2015 .

[38]  D. Jiang,et al.  Stability study and optimization design of small-spacing two-well (SSTW) salt caverns for natural gas storages , 2020 .

[39]  N. Zhang,et al.  Stability evaluation of underground gas storage salt caverns with micro-leakage interlayer in bedded rock salt of Jintan, China , 2020 .

[40]  Hossein Moayedi,et al.  Teaching–learning-based metaheuristic scheme for modifying neural computing in appraising energy performance of building , 2020, Engineering with Computers.

[41]  J. Daemen,et al.  Allowable pillar width for bedded rock salt caverns gas storage , 2015 .

[42]  Xiaoli Zhao,et al.  The substitution of wind power for coal-fired power to realize China's CO2 emissions reduction targets in 2020 and 2030 , 2017 .

[43]  Zhanping Song,et al.  Creep properties and damage constitutive model of salt rock under uniaxial compression , 2020 .

[45]  Curtis M. Oldenburg,et al.  Comparison of compressed air energy storage process in aquifers and caverns based on the Huntorf CAES plant , 2016 .

[46]  Xin-gang Zhao,et al.  Has the turning point of China׳s wind power industry really come? , 2015 .

[47]  Robert B. Jackson,et al.  Opportunities and barriers to pumped-hydro energy storage in the United States , 2011 .

[48]  Zhe Yang,et al.  Modified Dolphin Swarm Algorithm Based on Chaotic Maps for Solving High-Dimensional Function Optimization Problems , 2019, IEEE Access.

[49]  Zhe Yang,et al.  Solving Large-Scale Function Optimization Problem by Using a New Metaheuristic Algorithm Based on Quantum Dolphin Swarm Algorithm , 2019, IEEE Access.

[50]  Peter Holmes Kobos,et al.  Geologic storage of hydrogen: Scaling up to meet city transportation demands , 2014 .

[51]  R. Tarkowski,et al.  Underground hydrogen storage: Characteristics and prospects , 2019, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.

[52]  Consolación Gil,et al.  Scientific production of renewable energies worldwide: An overview , 2013 .

[53]  Gerda Gahleitner.  Hydrogen from renewable electricity: An international review of power-to-gas pilot plants for stationary applications , 2013 .

[54]  D. Jiang,et al.  Physical simulation of construction and control of two butted-well horizontal cavern energy storage using large molded rock salt specimens , 2019, Energy.

[55]  Jie Chen,et al.  Preliminary feasibility analysis of a hybrid pumped-hydro energy storage system using abandoned coal mine goafs , 2020 .

[56]  R. Tarkowski,et al.  Salt domes in Poland – Potential sites for hydrogen storage in caverns , 2018, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy.

[57]  Abdollah A. Afjeh,et al.  Wind energy: Trends and enabling technologies , 2016 .

[58]  A. M. Férriz,et al.  HyUnder – Hydrogen Underground Storage at Large Scale: Case Study Spain , 2015 .

[59]  L. Hong,et al.  2050 pathway to an active renewable energy scenario for Jiangsu province , 2013 .

[60]  Wei Liu,et al.  Preliminary investigation on the feasibility of a clean CAES system coupled with wind and solar energy in China , 2017 .

[61]  William C. Leighty.  Running the World on Renewables: Hydrogen Transmission Pipelines With Firming Geologic Storage , 2008 .

[62]  Wenxiang Wu,et al.  Assessment of Onshore Wind Energy Resource and Wind-Generated Electricity Potential in Jiangsu, China , 2011 .

[63]  Jihong Wang,et al.  Overview of current development in electrical energy storage technologies and the application potential in power system operation , 2015 .

[64]  A. Duigou,et al.  Relevance and costs of large scale underground hydrogen storage in France , 2017 .

[65]  Wei Liu,et al.  Evaluation of Potential for Salt Cavern Gas Storage and Integration of Brine Extraction: Cavern Utilization, Yangtze River Delta Region , 2020, Natural Resources Research.

[66]  Detlef Stolten,et al.  Large-Scale Hydrogen Underground Storage for Securing Future Energy Supplies , 2010 .

[67]  Dennice F. Gayme,et al.  Grid-scale energy storage applications in renewable energy integration: A survey , 2014 .

[68]  Eleni Ampatzi,et al.  Characteristics of electrical energy storage technologies and their applications in buildings , 2013 .

[69]  Pierre Berest,et al.  Safety of salt caverns used for underground storage: Blow out; mechanical instability; seepage; cavern abandonment , 2003 .

[70]  D. Jiang,et al.  Study on the mechanism of roof collapse and leakage of horizontal cavern in thinly bedded salt rocks , 2019, Environmental Earth Sciences.

[71]  J. Daemen,et al.  Geomechanical investigation of roof failure of China's first gas storage salt cavern , 2018, Engineering Geology.

[72]  Hang Qu,et al.  Wind power in China--Opportunity goes with challenge , 2010 .

[73]  Yining Wang,et al.  The Forecasting of PM2.5 Using a Hybrid Model Based on Wavelet Transform and an Improved Deep Learning Algorithm , 2019, IEEE Access.

[74]  C. Woo,et al.  What moves wind energy development in China? Show me the money! , 2013 .

[75]  Enzo Sauma,et al.  Impact of introducing flexibility in the Colombian transmission expansion planning , 2018, Energy.

[76]  Nadia Maïzi,et al.  Feasible path toward 40–100% renewable energy shares for power supply in France by 2050: A prospective analysis , 2016 .

[77]  Bikash Kumar Sahu.  Wind energy developments and policies in China: A short review , 2018 .