First international consensus on the diagnosis and management of fibromuscular dysplasia.

: This article is a comprehensive document on the diagnosis and management of fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) which was commissioned by the Working Group 'Hypertension and the Kidney' of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and the Society for Vascular Medicine (SVM). This document updates previous consensus documents/scientific statements on FMD published in 2014 with full harmonization of the position of European and US experts. In addition to practical consensus-based clinical recommendations, including a consensus protocol for catheter-based angiography and percutaneous angioplasty for renal FMD, the document also includes the first analysis of the European/International FMD Registry and provides updated data from the US Registry for FMD. Finally, it provides insights on ongoing research programs and proposes future research directions for understanding this multifaceted arterial disease.

[1]  Hester F. Lingsma,et al.  Letter by Mulder et al Regarding Article, "2018 Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: a Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association". , 2019, Stroke.

[2]  Thomas Kahan,et al.  [2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension]. , 2019, Kardiologia polska.

[3]  A. Maas,et al.  European Society of Cardiology, acute cardiovascular care association, SCAD study group: a position paper on spontaneous coronary artery dissection. , 2018, European heart journal.

[4]  Jackson T. Wright,et al.  2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. , 2018, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[5]  J. Saw,et al.  Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection: Current State of the Science: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. , 2018, Circulation.

[6]  A. Dominiczak,et al.  Management of a Pregnant Woman With Fibromuscular Dysplasia. , 2018, Hypertension.

[7]  A. Persu,et al.  Renal infarction management: towards an etiological approach? , 2018, Journal of hypertension.

[8]  W. Powers,et al.  2018 Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association , 2018, Stroke.

[9]  R. Brook,et al.  2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. , 2018, Journal of the American Society of Hypertension : JASH.

[10]  Aditya M. Sharma,et al.  Standing waves are not distinctive to conventional angiograms , 2018, Vascular medicine.

[11]  G. Gore,et al.  Treatment of Tinnitus: A Scoping Review. , 2017, The international tinnitus journal.

[12]  B. Loeys,et al.  Differences in manifestations of Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and Loeys-Dietz syndrome. , 2017, Annals of cardiothoracic surgery.

[13]  A. Azarine,et al.  Cause of renal infarction: a retrospective analysis of 186 consecutive cases , 2017, Journal of hypertension.

[14]  G. Searchfield,et al.  A State-of-the-Art Review: Personalization of Tinnitus Sound Therapy , 2017, Front. Psychol..

[15]  M. Jaff,et al.  Presentation, treatment, and outcomes in patients with spontaneous isolated celiac and superior mesenteric artery dissection , 2017, Vascular medicine.

[16]  P. Gosse,et al.  High Prevalence of Multiple Arterial Bed Lesions in Patients With Fibromuscular Dysplasia: The ARCADIA Registry (Assessment of Renal and Cervical Artery Dysplasia) , 2017, Hypertension.

[17]  Aditya M. Sharma,et al.  Prevalence of Intracranial Aneurysm in Women With Fibromuscular Dysplasia: A Report From the US Registry for Fibromuscular Dysplasia , 2017, JAMA neurology.

[18]  S. Durga,et al.  Lower Extremity Fibromuscular Dysplasia: Clinical Manifestations, Diagnostic Testing, and Approach to Management , 2017, Angiology.

[19]  M. Litwin,et al.  [PP.09.05] THE POLISH REGISTRY FOR FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA (ARCADIA-POL STUDY) – DISTRIBUTION OF VASCULAR BED INVOLVEMENT AND COMPLICATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA , 2017 .

[20]  J. Saw,et al.  Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection: Clinical Outcomes and Risk of Recurrence. , 2017, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[21]  Aditya M. Sharma,et al.  Presentation, clinical features, and results of intervention in upper extremity fibromuscular dysplasia , 2017, Journal of vascular surgery.

[22]  A. Kroon,et al.  Coronary Tortuosity: A Clue to the Diagnosis of Fibromuscular Dysplasia? , 2017, American journal of hypertension.

[23]  Jesse M. Engreitz,et al.  A Genetic Variant Associated with Five Vascular Diseases Is a Distal Regulator of Endothelin-1 Gene Expression , 2017, Cell.

[24]  R. Renapurkar,et al.  Screening CT Angiography of the Aorta, Visceral Branch Vessels, and Pelvic Arteries in Fibromuscular Dysplasia. , 2017, JACC. Cardiovascular imaging.

[25]  J. Lusson,et al.  How and when to suspect spontaneous coronary artery dissection: novel insights from a single-centre series on prevalence and angiographic appearance. , 2017, EuroIntervention : journal of EuroPCR in collaboration with the Working Group on Interventional Cardiology of the European Society of Cardiology.

[26]  F. Pico,et al.  Carotid diaphragm: Atypical fibromuscular dysplasia or atheromatous lesions? , 2017, Revue neurologique.

[27]  E. Kline-Rogers,et al.  Abstract 099: Prevalence of Headaches in Patients with Fibromuscular Dysplasia: A Report from the US Registry for FMD , 2017 .

[28]  Kimberly J. Johnson,et al.  Neurofibromatosis type 1 , 2017, Nature Reviews Disease Primers.

[29]  S. Larsson,et al.  Prognosis of carotid dissecting aneurysms , 2017, Neurology.

[30]  P. Haager,et al.  Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection , 2017, Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions.

[31]  G. Rinkel,et al.  Unruptured intracranial aneurysms: development, rupture and preventive management , 2016, Nature Reviews Neurology.

[32]  A. Koyfman,et al.  Cervical Artery Dissections: A Review. , 2016, The Journal of emergency medicine.

[33]  I. Graham 2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias. , 2016, European heart journal.

[34]  X. Jeunemaître,et al.  Revisiting Fibromuscular Dysplasia: Rationale of the European Fibromuscular Dysplasia Initiative. , 2016, Hypertension.

[35]  S. Olindo,et al.  Association Between Carotid Bulb Diaphragm and Ischemic Stroke in Young Afro-Caribbean Patients: A Population-Based Case–Control Study , 2016, Stroke.

[36]  P. Ellinor,et al.  PHACTR1 Is a Genetic Susceptibility Locus for Fibromuscular Dysplasia Supporting Its Complex Genetic Pattern of Inheritance , 2016, PLoS genetics.

[37]  He Zhang,et al.  Trans-ancestry meta-analyses identify rare and common variants associated with blood pressure and hypertension , 2016, Nature Genetics.

[38]  R. Graham,et al.  Outcomes of patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection , 2016, Open Heart.

[39]  J. Saw,et al.  Contemporary Review on Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection. , 2016, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[40]  Richard N Brown,et al.  A nationwide evaluation of spontaneous coronary artery dissection in pregnancy and the puerperium , 2016, Heart.

[41]  Aditya M. Sharma,et al.  Dissection and Aneurysm in Patients With Fibromuscular Dysplasia: Findings From the U.S. Registry for FMD. , 2016, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[42]  J. M. Motta-Leal-Filho,et al.  Systematic Literature Review on Evaluation and Management of Isolated Spontaneous Celiac Trunk Dissection. , 2016, Annals of vascular surgery.

[43]  A. Ariza-Solé,et al.  Noninvasive Follow-Up of Patients With Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection With CT Angiography. , 2016, JACC. Cardiovascular imaging.

[44]  M. Shimabukuro A New Plausible Link between Lysophosphatidylcholine, TGF-β, and Fibromuscular Dysplasia. , 2016, Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis.

[45]  S. Hayes,et al.  Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection , 2016, Current Cardiology Reports.

[46]  Shanshan Zhao,et al.  Safety and Efficacy of Thrombolysis in Cervical Artery Dissection-Related Ischemic Stroke: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies , 2016, Cerebrovascular Diseases.

[47]  K. Lamb,et al.  Median Arcuate Ligament Syndrome-Review of This Rare Disease. , 2016, JAMA surgery.

[48]  J. Saw,et al.  Angiographic and Intracoronary Manifestations of Coronary Fibromuscular Dysplasia , 2016, Circulation.

[49]  Aditya M. Sharma,et al.  Smoking and Adverse Outcomes in Fibromuscular Dysplasia: U.S. Registry Report. , 2016, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[50]  D. Shivapour,et al.  Epidemiology of fibromuscular dysplasia: A review of the literature , 2016, Vascular medicine.

[51]  S. English,et al.  The natural history of splanchnic artery aneurysms and outcomes after operative intervention. , 2016, Journal of vascular surgery.

[52]  E. Kline-Rogers,et al.  Differences between the pediatric and adult presentation of fibromuscular dysplasia: results from the US Registry , 2016, Pediatric Nephrology.

[53]  Kazuo Kimura,et al.  Prognostic impact of spontaneous coronary artery dissection in young female patients with acute myocardial infarction: A report from the Angina Pectoris-Myocardial Infarction Multicenter Investigators in Japan. , 2016, International journal of cardiology.

[54]  J. Lusson,et al.  Contribution of optical coherence tomography imaging in management of iatrogenic coronary dissection. , 2016, Cardiovascular revascularization medicine : including molecular interventions.

[55]  U. Gembruch,et al.  Rupture of renal artery aneurysm during late pregnancy: clinical features and diagnosis , 2016, Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics.

[56]  S. Kirmani,et al.  Spontaneous coronary artery dissection and its association with heritable connective tissue disorders , 2016, Heart.

[57]  P. Liu,et al.  Flow-diverter devices in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms: A meta-analysis and systematic review , 2016, The neuroradiology journal.

[58]  Chul-woo Yang,et al.  Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Renal Infarction. , 2016, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

[59]  A. Demchuk,et al.  Carotid Webs and Recurrent Ischemic Strokes in the Era of CT Angiography , 2015, American Journal of Neuroradiology.

[60]  S. Morris,et al.  Arterial tortuosity in genetic arteriopathies , 2015, Current opinion in cardiology.

[61]  J. Mocco,et al.  The unruptured intracranial aneurysm treatment score , 2015, Neurology.

[62]  C. Axiotis,et al.  Isolated fibromuscular dysplasia of the coronary ostium: a rare cause of sudden death. Case report and review of the literature. , 2015, Cardiovascular pathology : the official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology.

[63]  Sebastian M. Armasu,et al.  A comprehensive 1000 Genomes-based genome-wide association meta-analysis of coronary artery disease , 2015, Nature Genetics.

[64]  Y. Makino,et al.  Sudden death due to coronary artery dissection associated with fibromuscular dysplasia revealed by postmortem selective computed tomography coronary angiography: A case report. , 2015, Forensic science international.

[65]  Robert N. Taylor,et al.  Increased prevalence of preeclampsia among women undergoing procedural intervention for renal artery fibromuscular dysplasia. , 2015, Annals of vascular surgery.

[66]  E. Piccaluga,et al.  Management and Long-Term Prognosis of Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection. , 2015, The American journal of cardiology.

[67]  S. Leng,et al.  Prevalence of extracoronary vascular abnormalities and fibromuscular dysplasia in patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection. , 2015, The American journal of cardiology.

[68]  M. Bacharach,et al.  Anti-platelet and anti-hypertension medication use in patients with fibromuscular dysplasia: Results from the United States Registry for Fibromuscular Dysplasia , 2015, Vascular medicine.

[69]  H. Gornik,et al.  Fibromuscular Dysplasia: An Update for the Headache Clinician , 2015, Headache.

[70]  H. Lepidi,et al.  Intranuclear expression of progesterone receptors in smooth muscle cells of renovascular fibromuscular dysplasia: a pilot study. , 2015, Annals of vascular surgery.

[71]  K. Goel,et al.  Familial spontaneous coronary artery dissection: evidence for genetic susceptibility. , 2015, JAMA internal medicine.

[72]  C. Levi,et al.  Antiplatelet treatment compared with anticoagulation treatment for cervical artery dissection (CADISS): a randomised trial , 2015, The Lancet Neurology.

[73]  D. Holmes,et al.  Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection: Revascularization Versus Conservative Therapy , 2014, Circulation. Cardiovascular interventions.

[74]  S. Olindo,et al.  Carotid-Bulb Atypical Fibromuscular Dysplasia in Young Afro-Caribbean Patients With Stroke , 2014, Stroke.

[75]  J. Saw Coronary angiogram classification of spontaneous coronary artery dissection , 2014, Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions.

[76]  Andrew D. Johnson,et al.  Common variation in PHACTR1 is associated with susceptibility to cervical artery dissection , 2014, Nature Genetics.

[77]  J. Saw,et al.  Angiographic appearance of spontaneous coronary artery dissection with intramural hematoma proven on intracoronary imaging , 2014, Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions.

[78]  Amir Lerman,et al.  Coronary Artery Tortuosity in Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection: Angiographic Characteristics and Clinical Implications , 2014, Circulation. Cardiovascular interventions.

[79]  J. Saw,et al.  Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection: Association With Predisposing Arteriopathies and Precipitating Stressors and Cardiovascular Outcomes , 2014, Circulation. Cardiovascular interventions.

[80]  J. Kovacic,et al.  Coronary artery manifestations of fibromuscular dysplasia. , 2014, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[81]  D. Adlam,et al.  Spontaneous coronary artery dissection , 2014, Heart.

[82]  J. Godbold,et al.  The S curve: A novel morphological finding in the internal carotid artery in patients with fibromuscular dysplasia , 2014, Vascular medicine.

[83]  J. Patrie,et al.  Is fibromuscular dysplasia underdiagnosed? A comparison of the prevalence of FMD seen in CORAL trial participants versus a single institution population of renal donor candidates , 2014, Vascular medicine.

[84]  P. D. de Leeuw,et al.  European consensus on the diagnosis and management of fibromuscular dysplasia. , 2014, Journal of hypertension.

[85]  D. Milewicz,et al.  Molecular diagnosis in vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome predicts pattern of arterial involvement and outcomes. , 2014, Journal of vascular surgery.

[86]  J. Saw,et al.  Nonatherosclerotic coronary artery disease in young women. , 2014, The Canadian journal of cardiology.

[87]  S. Ansari,et al.  Efficacy and Safety of Novel Oral Anticoagulants in Patients with Cervical Artery Dissections , 2014, Cerebrovascular Diseases.

[88]  S. Leng,et al.  A novel application of CT angiography to detect extracoronary vascular abnormalities in patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection. , 2014, Journal of cardiovascular computed tomography.

[89]  U. Elkayam,et al.  Pregnancy-Associated Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Review of Contemporary Experience in 150 Cases Between 2006 and 2011 , 2014, Circulation.

[90]  D. Milewicz,et al.  Clinical and biochemical profiles suggest fibromuscular dysplasia is a systemic disease with altered TGF‐β expression and connective tissue features , 2014, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[91]  Aditya M. Sharma,et al.  UNRAVELING PULSATILE TINNITUS IN FMD: A REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES REGISTRY FOR FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA , 2014 .

[92]  E. Houdart,et al.  Diaphragms of the carotid and vertebral arteries: an under‐diagnosed cause of ischaemic stroke , 2014, European journal of neurology.

[93]  Faha,et al.  Fibromuscular dysplasia: state of the science and critical unanswered questions: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. , 2014, Circulation.

[94]  N. Wong Faculty Opinions recommendation of 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. , 2014 .

[95]  H. Dietz,et al.  Loeys–Dietz syndrome: a primer for diagnosis and management , 2014, Genetics in Medicine.

[96]  S. Debette Pathophysiology and risk factors of cervical artery dissection: what have we learnt from large hospital-based cohorts? , 2014, Current opinion in neurology.

[97]  J. Bacharach,et al.  Clinical manifestations of fibromuscular dysplasia vary by patient sex: a report of the United States registry for fibromuscular dysplasia. , 2013, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[98]  J. Simard,et al.  Treatment of Cerebral Aneurysms—Surgical Clipping or Endovascular Coiling: The Guiding Principles , 2013, Seminars in Neurology.

[99]  B. Bendok,et al.  Spontaneous cervical and cerebral arterial dissections: diagnosis and management. , 2013, Neuroimaging clinics of North America.

[100]  J. Berger,et al.  Effect of statin drugs on thoracic aortic aneurysms. , 2013, The American journal of cardiology.

[101]  A. Kawashima,et al.  Renal artery fibromuscular dysplasia in 2,640 renal donor subjects: a CT angiography analysis. , 2013, Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR.

[102]  Thomas Meitinger,et al.  Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies new susceptibility loci for migraine , 2013, Nature Genetics.

[103]  X. Jeunemaître,et al.  Association of Smoking With Phenotype at Diagnosis and Vascular Interventions in Patients With Renal Artery Fibromuscular Dysplasia , 2013, Hypertension.

[104]  C. Bajzer,et al.  Renal artery stent fracture in patients with fibromuscular dysplasia: a cautionary tale. , 2013, Circulation. Cardiovascular interventions.

[105]  R. Collins Cardiovascular disease in Williams syndrome. , 2013, Circulation.

[106]  W. Powers,et al.  Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association , 2013, Stroke.

[107]  Irene M. Spinello,et al.  Splenic Artery Aneurysm Rupture , 2013, Journal of intensive care medicine.

[108]  J. Meschia,et al.  Shared associations of nonatherosclerotic, large-vessel, cerebrovascular arteriopathies: considering intracranial aneurysms, cervical artery dissection, moyamoya disease and fibromuscular dysplasia. , 2013, Current opinion in neurology.

[109]  X. Jeunemaître,et al.  Association Between 2 Angiographic Subtypes of Renal Artery Fibromuscular Dysplasia and Clinical Characteristics , 2012, Circulation.

[110]  J. Danesh,et al.  Large-scale association analysis identifies new risk loci for coronary artery disease , 2012, Nature Genetics.

[111]  H. Gornik,et al.  Low yield of genetic testing for known vascular connective tissue disorders in patients with fibromuscular dysplasia , 2012, Vascular medicine.

[112]  C. Macaya,et al.  Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: long-term follow-up of a large series of patients prospectively managed with a "conservative" therapeutic strategy. , 2012, JACC. Cardiovascular interventions.

[113]  B. Gersh,et al.  Clinical Features, Management, and Prognosis of Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection , 2012, Circulation.

[114]  G. Hunder,et al.  Clinical features of polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis , 2012, Nature Reviews Rheumatology.

[115]  K. Eagle,et al.  The United States Registry for Fibromuscular Dysplasia: Results in the First 447 Patients , 2012, Circulation.

[116]  E. Connolly,et al.  Guidelines for the Management of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association , 2012, Stroke.

[117]  C. Thalhammer,et al.  Associated vascular lesions in patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection. , 2012, Swiss medical weekly.

[118]  M. Sheppard,et al.  Sudden Cardiac Death: Look Closely at the Coronaries for Spontaneous Dissection Which Can Be Missed. A Study of 9 Cases , 2012, The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology.

[119]  Aditya M. Sharma,et al.  Standing arterial waves is NOT fibromuscular dysplasia. , 2012, Circulation. Cardiovascular interventions.

[120]  J. van Roosmalen,et al.  Maternal mortality attributable to vascular dissection and rupture in the Netherlands: a nationwide confidential enquiry , 2012, BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[121]  A. Sismanis Pulsatile tinnitus: contemporary assessment and management , 2011, Current opinion in otolaryngology & head and neck surgery.

[122]  G. Ma,et al.  Clinical Implication of Coronary Tortuosity in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease , 2011, PloS one.

[123]  K. Gauvreau,et al.  Increased Vertebral Artery Tortuosity Index Is Associated With Adverse Outcomes in Children and Young Adults With Connective Tissue Disorders , 2011, Circulation.

[124]  C. Schirmer,et al.  Endovascular recanalization of symptomatic flow-limiting cervical carotid dissection in an isolated hemisphere. , 2011, Neurosurgical focus.

[125]  J. Hermiller,et al.  Presentation and therapy of spontaneous coronary artery dissection and comparisons of postpartum versus nonpostpartum cases. , 2011, The American journal of cardiology.

[126]  T. Crowhurst,et al.  Hepatic artery dissection in a 65-year-old woman with acute pancreatitis. , 2011, Annals of vascular surgery.

[127]  É. Mousseaux,et al.  Fibromuscular Dysplasia of Cervical and Intracranial Arteries , 2010, International journal of stroke : official journal of the International Stroke Society.

[128]  T. Sarac,et al.  The contemporary management of splenic artery aneurysms. , 2010, Journal of vascular surgery.

[129]  L. Trinquart,et al.  Efficacy of Revascularization For Renal Artery Stenosis Caused by Fibromuscular Dysplasia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis , 2010, Hypertension.

[130]  M. Sheppard,et al.  Non-atherosclerotic coronary artery disease associated with sudden cardiac death , 2010, Heart.

[131]  L. Thuesen,et al.  Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: A Western Denmark Heart Registry Study , 2009, Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions.

[132]  D. Leys,et al.  Cervical-artery dissections: predisposing factors, diagnosis, and outcome , 2009, The Lancet Neurology.

[133]  B. Warden,et al.  Severe coronary tortuosity and the relationship to significant coronary artery disease. , 2009, The West Virginia medical journal.

[134]  A. Camuglia,et al.  Case report and review: epicardial coronary artery fibromuscular dysplasia. , 2009, Heart, lung & circulation.

[135]  Joshua M. Korn,et al.  Genome-wide association of early-onset myocardial infarction with single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variants , 2009, Nature Genetics.

[136]  F. Alfonso,et al.  Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: diagnosis by optical coherence tomography. , 2009, European heart journal.

[137]  G. Vanzetto,et al.  Prevalence, therapeutic management and medium-term prognosis of spontaneous coronary artery dissection: results from a database of 11,605 patients. , 2009, European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery.

[138]  A. Braun,et al.  Ruptured Cerebral Aneurysm and Acute Coronary Artery Dissection in the Setting of Multivascular Fibromuscular Dysplasia , 2007, Angiology.

[139]  C. Bonaïti‐pellié,et al.  Inheritance of arterial lesions in renal fibromuscular dysplasia , 2007, Journal of Human Hypertension.

[140]  P. Vladica,et al.  Multidetector spiral CT renal angiography in the diagnosis of renal artery fibromuscular dysplasia , 2007 .

[141]  J. Bruzzi,et al.  Fibromuscular dysplasia of the main renal arteries: comparison of contrast-enhanced MR angiography with digital subtraction angiography. , 2006, Radiology.

[142]  Ganesh Manoharan,et al.  Assessment of renal artery stenosis severity by pressure gradient measurements. , 2006, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[143]  J. Ricco,et al.  Surgical revascularization of renal artery after complicated or failed percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty. , 2006, Journal of vascular surgery.

[144]  George H. Thomas,et al.  Aneurysm Syndromes Caused by Mutations in the TGF-β Receptor , 2006 .

[145]  C. Buller,et al.  Fibromuscular dysplasia of the coronary and renal arteries? , 2005, Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions.

[146]  G. Ansel,et al.  Fibromuscular Dysplasia of Bilateral Brachial Arteries , 2004, Angiology.

[147]  J. Olin,et al.  Fibromuscular dysplasia. , 2004, The New England journal of medicine.

[148]  I. Krantz,et al.  Vascular Anomalies in Alagille Syndrome: A Significant Cause of Morbidity and Mortality , 2004, Circulation.

[149]  D. Blacker,et al.  A ripping roller coaster ride , 2003, Neurology.

[150]  J. Williams,et al.  Chiropractic Manipulation and Stroke: A Population-Based Case-Control Study , 2001, Stroke.

[151]  J. Meder,et al.  Aneurysmal Forms of Cervical Artery Dissection: Associated Factors and Outcome , 2001, Stroke.

[152]  E. Maresi,et al.  Arrhythmic sudden cardiac death in a 3-year-old child with intimal fibroplasia of coronary arteries, aorta, and its branches. , 2001, Cardiovascular pathology : the official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology.

[153]  P. Gallagher,et al.  Sudden death and regional left ventricular fibrosis with fibromuscular dysplasia of small intramyocardial coronary arteries , 2000, Heart.

[154]  I. Alafuzoff,et al.  A case of sudden death caused by fibromuscular dysplasia. , 1999, Journal of clinical pathology.

[155]  P. Beighton,et al.  Ehlers-Danlos syndromes: revised nosology, Villefranche, 1997. Ehlers-Danlos National Foundation (USA) and Ehlers-Danlos Support Group (UK). , 1998, American journal of medical genetics.

[156]  B. Hu,et al.  Sudden death caused by stricture of the sinus node artery. , 1997, The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology.

[157]  S. Glantz,et al.  Short-term economic and health benefits of smoking cessation: myocardial infarction and stroke. , 1997, Circulation.

[158]  R. Virmani,et al.  Fibromuscular dysplasia of small coronary arteries and fibrosis in the basilar ventricular septum in mitral valve prolapse. , 1997, American heart journal.

[159]  M. Imamura,et al.  Coronary fibromuscular dysplasia presenting as sudden infant death. , 1997, Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine.

[160]  F. Numano,et al.  Angiographic findings of Takayasu arteritis: new classification. , 1996, International journal of cardiology.

[161]  R. Slavin,et al.  Segmental arterial mediolysis: a precursor to fibromuscular dysplasia? , 1995, Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc.

[162]  Ronald A. Sacher,et al.  Practice parameter , 1994, Neurology.

[163]  I. Piña,et al.  Postpartum multivessel coronary dissection. , 1994, The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation.

[164]  G. Sicard,et al.  Bilateral brachial artery fibromuscular dysplasia , 1993, Annals of vascular surgery.

[165]  B. Carroll,et al.  Ultrasound case of the day. Internal carotid artery web (atypical fibromuscular dysplasia). , 1991, Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc.

[166]  P. Whelton,et al.  Etiologic factors in renovascular fibromuscular dysplasia. A case-control study. , 1989, Hypertension.

[167]  G. R. Nichols,et al.  Sudden death due to fibromuscular dysplasia of the sinoatrial nodal artery. , 1989, The Journal of the Kentucky Medical Association.

[168]  D. Reizine,et al.  Vascular abnormalities in the neck associated with intracranial aneurysms. , 1989, Neurosurgery.

[169]  T. Lüscher,et al.  Arterial fibromuscular dysplasia. , 1987, Mayo Clinic proceedings.

[170]  J. Lie,et al.  Isolated fibromuscular dysplasia of the coronary arteries with spontaneous dissection and myocardial infarction. , 1987, Human pathology.

[171]  K. Ericson,et al.  Fibromuscular dysplasia and the brain. I. Observations on angiographic, clinical and genetic characteristics. , 1982, Stroke.

[172]  F. P. Wirth,et al.  Atypical fibromuscular hyperplasia. Report of two cases. , 1981, Journal of neurosurgery.

[173]  A. Rushton The genetics of fibromuscular dysplasia. , 1980, Archives of internal medicine.

[174]  K. Gladstien,et al.  Penetrance estimates and recurrence risks for fibromuscular dysplasia , 1980, Clinical genetics.

[175]  J. Brown,et al.  Smoking and renal artery stenosis. , 1979, British medical journal.

[176]  P. Cartier,et al.  Hereditary fibromuscular dysplasia with renovascular hypertension. , 1977, Annals of internal medicine.

[177]  W. G. Wood,et al.  Fibrodysplasia with dissecting aneurysm of the hepatic artery. , 1976, Surgery.

[178]  W. Fry,et al.  Arterial fibrodysplasia. Histopathologic character and current etiologic concepts. , 1975, Archives of surgery.

[179]  W. Ehrenfeld,et al.  Fibromuscular Dysplasia of the Internal Carotid Artery: Surgical Management , 1974 .

[180]  R. Stoney,et al.  Fibromuscular hyperplasia of the internal carotid artery. , 1967, Archives of surgery.

[181]  H. Dustan,et al.  A pathologic-arteriographic correlation of renal arterial disease. , 1966, American heart journal.

[182]  J. Marshall,et al.  Kinking of the internal carotid artery. , 1961, Lancet.

[183]  Clinician , 2019, The SAGE Encyclopedia of Human Communication Sciences and Disorders.

[184]  M. Arnold Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition , 2018, Cephalalgia : an international journal of headache.

[185]  Jason W. Allen,et al.  Carotid Web (Intimal Fibromuscular Dysplasia) Has High Stroke Recurrence Risk and Is Amenable to Stenting , 2017, Stroke.

[186]  I. Meredith,et al.  Incidence and characterisation of spontaneous coronary artery dissection as a cause of acute coronary syndrome--A single-centre Australian experience. , 2016, International journal of cardiology.

[187]  D. Scott,et al.  Mechanism of stent failure in a patient with fibromuscular dysplasia following renal artery stenting. , 2015, Annals of vascular surgery.

[188]  Marie-Christine Jaulent,et al.  Building a Semantic Interoperability Framework for Care and Research in Fibromuscular Dysplasia , 2015, MedInfo.

[189]  Jean Charlet,et al.  A "pivot" Model to set up Large Scale Rare Diseases Information Systems: Application to the Fibromuscular Dysplasia Registry , 2015, MIE.

[190]  Md Pgy Kathryn Beldowski 2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Treatment of Blood Cholesterol to Reduce Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk in Adults , 2014 .

[191]  EmmanuelTouzé,et al.  Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients With Multiple Cervical Artery Dissection , 2014 .

[192]  A. Büttner,et al.  Fibromuscular dysplasia of cardiac conduction system arteries in traumatic and nonnatural sudden death victims aged 0 to 40 years: a histological analysis of 100 cases. , 2014, Cardiovascular pathology : the official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology.

[193]  StephaneOlindo,et al.  Carotid-Bulb Atypical Fibromuscular Dysplasia in Young Afro-Caribbean Patients With Stroke , 2014 .

[194]  Michael H. Olsen,et al.  ESH / ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension , 2013 .

[195]  M. Taskinen,et al.  ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias , 2013 .

[196]  J. Saw,et al.  Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: prevalence of predisposing conditions including fibromuscular dysplasia in a tertiary center cohort. , 2013, JACC. Cardiovascular interventions.

[197]  Y. Maehara,et al.  Fibromuscular dysplasia of the lower extremities. , 2011, Annals of vascular diseases.

[198]  E. Agerbo,et al.  Myocardial Infarction and Risk of Suicide: A Population-Based Case-Control Study , 2011 .

[199]  L. Dworkin,et al.  Clinical practice. Renal-artery stenosis. , 2009, The New England journal of medicine.

[200]  W. Jo,et al.  Fibromuscular dysplasia of bilateral brachial arteries treated with surgery and consecutive thrombolytic therapy. , 2007, Annals of vascular surgery.

[201]  [The International Classification of Headache Disorders: 2nd edition]. , 2006, Neurologia i neurochirurgia polska.

[202]  A. Moretti,et al.  Fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal arteries: comparison of helical CT angiography and arteriography. , 1999, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[203]  R. Goldhahn Intramural coronary artery dysplasia of the ventricular septum and sudden death. , 1999, Human pathology.

[204]  R. Virmani,et al.  Nonatherosclerotic narrowing of the atrioventricular node artery and sudden death. , 1993, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[205]  L. Mccormack,et al.  Pathologic classification of renal arterial disease in renovascular hypertension. , 1971, Mayo Clinic proceedings.

[206]  M. Maxwell,et al.  Upright aortography in the study of nephroptosis, stenotic lesions of the renal artery, and hypertension. , 1963, Surgery.

[207]  Eter,et al.  CLINICAL AND GENETIC FEATURES OF EHLERS – DANLOS SYNDROME TYPE IV , THE VASCULAR TYPE , 2022 .