Analysis of various conditions in order to measure electromyography of isometric contractions in water and on air.

The aim of this study was to verify if there are differences in the amplitude of signals from surface electromyography (EMG) during maximal and submaximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC and 50% MVC, respectively) under different conditions, in our case, water and air, with and without extra protection (water-resistant tape) on the electrode. The isometric force and muscle activation of the MVC and 50% MVC of the biceps brachial muscle of nine healthy trained men were measured simultaneously, performed in water and on air, with and without protection of the EMG electrode. The multivariate analysis of variance with a post hoc Tukey test was applied to detect significant differences between the levels of muscular force. For the amplitude values of the EMG signal, the Wilcoxon signed rank test was applied to compare all experimental conditions in order to detect a significance of p<0.05. The values of isometric force were not significantly different among conditions (MVC and 50% MVC). The results showed a significant difference among conditions in the water without extra protection compared to the conditions on air with and without extra protection and in water with extra protection. Reduced EMG amplitude was seen in water without extra protection from 37.04% to 55.81% regarding the other conditions. However, no significant difference was seen among conditions in water with extra protection in relation the conditions on air (with and without extra protection). This study suggest that it is necessary to use a water-resistant tape as an extra protection on the electrode when using EMG underwater, to avoid having a significant decrease in the EMG amplitude underwater and not to suffer interference from the water. There was no significant difference among the recordings of EMG with and without the use of protection on air; therefore, the protection does not influence the recording of EMG amplitude and isometric force on air.

[1]  W. H. Veneziano,et al.  Confounding factors in water EMG recordings: an approach to a definitive standard , 2006, Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing.

[2]  宮下 充正,et al.  Medicine and science in aquatic sports , 1994 .

[3]  T. Moritani,et al.  1998 ISEK Congress Keynote Lecture: The use of electromyography in applied physiology. International Society of Electrophysiology and Kinesiology. , 1998, Journal of electromyography and kinesiology : official journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology.

[4]  Kimitaka Nakazawa,et al.  Altered activation pattern in synergistic ankle plantarflexor muscles in a reduced-gravity environment. , 2006, Gait & posture.

[5]  Yukihide Iwamoto,et al.  Electromyographic analysis of walking in water in healthy humans. , 2004, Journal of physiological anthropology and applied human science.

[6]  K. Keskinen,et al.  Effects of aquatic resistance training on neuromuscular performance in healthy women. , 2002, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[7]  Roberto Merletti,et al.  Technology and instrumentation for detection and conditioning of the surface electromyographic signal: state of the art. , 2009, Clinical biomechanics.

[8]  Jeremiah J. Peiffer,et al.  Reliability of surface EMG measurements of the quadriceps during maximal isometric contractions following water immersion , 2006 .

[9]  Mitsumasa Miyashita,et al.  AN ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC STUDY OF SWIMMING , 1964 .

[10]  Yukihide Iwamoto,et al.  Age-related differences in muscle activity, stride frequency and heart rate response during walking in water. , 2007, Journal of electromyography and kinesiology : official journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology.

[11]  Marcos Duarte,et al.  Biomechanical characteristics of adults walking in shallow water and on land. , 2006, Journal of electromyography and kinesiology : official journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology.

[12]  T Moritani,et al.  Characteristic changes of motor unit activity in hip joint flexor muscles during voluntary isometric contraction during water immersion. , 1996, Journal of electromyography and kinesiology : official journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology.

[13]  Kari L. Keskinen,et al.  Human isometric force production and electromyogram activity of knee extensor muscles in water and on dry land , 1999, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology.

[14]  Gabriela Lovis Black,et al.  Comparação eletromiográfica do exercício abdominal dentro e fora da água , 2005 .

[15]  M. Miyashita,et al.  Electromyographic Evidence of Selective Muscle Fatigue during Competitive Swimming , 1994 .

[16]  J P Clarys,et al.  Wrist stabilisation and forearm muscle coactivation during freestyle swimming. , 2007, Journal of electromyography and kinesiology : official journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology.

[17]  U. Santangelo.  [Painful shoulder]. , 1955, La Riforma medica.

[18]  J. Clarys,et al.  Cocontraction in the elbow and shoulder muscles during rapid cyclic movements in an aquatic environment. , 1995, Journal of electromyography and kinesiology : official journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology.

[19]  Kimitaka Nakazawa,et al.  Effect of the walking speed to the lower limb joint angular displacements, joint moments and ground reaction forces during walking in water , 2004, Disability and rehabilitation.

[20]  Carlo J. De Luca,et al.  The Use of Surface Electromyography in Biomechanics , 1997 .

[21]  K. Keskinen,et al.  Neuromuscular function during therapeutic knee exercise under water and on dry land. , 2001, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[22]  Frank W. Jobe,et al.  The Painful Shoulder During the Backstroke: An Emg and Cinematographic Analysis of 12 Muscles , 1992 .

[23]  キミタカ ナカザワ,et al.  Ground Reaction Forces During Walking in Water , 1992 .

[24]  A Rainoldi,et al.  Surface EMG alterations induced by underwater recording. , 2004, Journal of electromyography and kinesiology : official journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology.

[25]  Vladimir Medved,et al.  Standards for Reporting EMG Data , 2000, Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology.

[26]  Andreas Hohmann,et al.  EMG-Model of the backstroke start technique , 2006 .

[27]  L. Lewillie.  Graphic and Electromyographic Analysis of Various Styles of Swimming , 1971 .

[28]  Kimitaka Nakazawa,et al.  Functional roles of lower-limb joint moments while walking in water. , 2005, Clinical biomechanics.

[29]  K. Keskinen,et al.  Electromyographic and kinematic analysis of therapeutic knee exercises under water. , 2001, Clinical biomechanics.

[30]  H. Hermens,et al.  European recommendations for surface electromyography: Results of the SENIAM Project , 1999 .

[31]  J. Bland,et al.  The painful shoulder. , 1977, Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism.

[32]  J. Perry,et al.  The Normal Shoulder During the Butterfly Swim Stroke An Electromyographic and Cinematographic Analysis of Twelve Muscles , 1993, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[33]  Marcos Duarte,et al.  Biomechanical characteristics of elderly individuals walking on land and in water. , 2008, Journal of electromyography and kinesiology : official journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology.

[34]  Serge H. Roy,et al.  Median frequency of the myoelectric signal , 2004, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology.

[35]  J. Perry,et al.  The Painful Shoulder During the Butterfly Stroke An Electromyographic and Cinematographic Analysis of Twelve Muscles , 1993, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[36]  A H Rouard,et al.  Influences of Sex and Level of Performance on Freestyle Stroke: An Electromyography and Kinematic Study , 1990, International journal of sports medicine.

[37]  D. Kirkendall,et al.  Shoulder muscle activation during aquatic and dry land exercises in nonimpaired subjects. , 2000, The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy.

[38]  H. Christensen.  EMG-analysis , 1989, Images of the Twenty-First Century. Proceedings of the Annual International Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society,.

[39]  Yukihide Iwamoto,et al.  A comparison of muscle activity and heart rate response during backward and forward walking on an underwater treadmill. , 2007, Gait & posture.

[40]  H. Hermens,et al.  SENIAM 8: European recommendations for surface electromyography , 1999 .

[41]  T. Ogaki,et al.  Gait patterns and muscle activity in the lower extremities of elderly women during underwater treadmill walking against water flow. , 2007, Journal of physiological anthropology.

[42]  E L Morin,et al.  Sampling, noise-reduction and amplitude estimation issues in surface electromyography. , 2002, Journal of electromyography and kinesiology : official journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology.

[43]  A Minami,et al.  Electromyographic study during isometric exercise of the shoulder in head-out water immersion. , 1998, Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery.

[44]  Yukihide Iwamoto,et al.  Muscle activity and heart rate response during backward walking in water and on dry land , 2005, European Journal of Applied Physiology.

[45]  K. Fujishima,et al.  Muscle activation, cardiorespiratory response, and rating of perceived exertion in older subjects while walking in water and on dry land. , 2008, Journal of electromyography and kinesiology : official journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology.

[46]  A. Thevenon,et al.  An electromyographic study of human gait both in water and on dry ground. , 2007, Journal of physiological anthropology.

[47]  J P Clarys,et al.  Hydrodynamics and electromyography: ergonomics aspects in aquatics. , 1985, Applied ergonomics.

[48]  Hitoshi Wakabayashi,et al.  Lower extremity muscle activity during different types and speeds of underwater movement. , 2007, Journal of physiological anthropology.