Social, clinical, and policy implications of ultra-processed food addiction

Conceptualising ultra-processed foods high in carbohydrates and fats as addictive substances can contribute to efforts to improve health, argue Ashley Gearhardt and colleagues

[1]  A. Cepeda-Benito,et al.  Food Addiction Correlates with Emotional and Craving Reactivity to Industrially Prepared (Ultra-Processed) and Home-Cooked (Processed) Foods but not Unprocessed or Minimally Processed Foods , 2023, Food Quality and Preference.

[2]  L. Hattersley,et al.  Global Coverage and Design of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxes. , 2023, JAMA network open.

[3]  M. Lauritsen,et al.  Food addiction is strongly associated with type 2 diabetes. , 2023, Clinical nutrition.

[4]  R. Kalayasiri,et al.  Development and Validation of a New Substance Use Disorder Screening Test Based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) , 2023, Journal of Health Science and Medical Research.

[5]  Emily A. Knapp,et al.  Changes in Body Mass Index Among School-Aged Youths Following Implementation of the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010. , 2023, JAMA pediatrics.

[6]  C. Roberto,et al.  Changes in Dental Outcomes After Implementation of the Philadelphia Beverage Tax. , 2023, American journal of preventive medicine.

[7]  A. Gearhardt,et al.  Prevalence of food addiction among patients undergoing metabolic/bariatric surgery: A systematic review and meta‐analysis , 2022, Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity.

[8]  A. Gearhardt,et al.  Ultra-Processed Food Addiction: An Epidemic? , 2022, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics.

[9]  A. Difeliceantonio,et al.  The impact of caloric availability on eating behavior and ultra-processed food reward , 2022, Appetite.

[10]  R. Batterham,et al.  Ultra-processed food: a global problem requiring a global solution. , 2022, The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology.

[11]  C. Grilo,et al.  Epidemiology of eating disorders among US adults , 2022, Current opinion in psychiatry.

[12]  F. Fernández-Aranda,et al.  Impact of Food Addiction in Therapy Response in Obesity and Eating Disorders , 2022, Current Addiction Reports.

[13]  J. Hulpke Hooked—Food, free will, and how the food giants exploit our addictions. By MichaelMoss: Random House, 2021. ISBN 978‐0‐8129‐9729‐3 , 2022, Business and Society Review.

[14]  T. E. Moore,et al.  Outcomes Following Taxation of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages , 2022, JAMA network open.

[15]  D. Wiss Clinical Considerations of Ultra-processed Food Addiction Across Weight Classes: an Eating Disorder Treatment and Care Perspective , 2022, Current Addiction Reports.

[16]  E. Epel,et al.  Association of Food Insecurity and Food Addiction Symptoms: A Secondary Analysis of Two Samples of Low-Income Female Adults. , 2022, Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.

[17]  A. Gearhardt,et al.  The qualitative evaluation of the Yale Food addiction scale 2.0 , 2022, Appetite.

[18]  William Cabral-Miranda,et al.  Ultra-Processed Food Availability and Sociodemographic Associated Factors in a Brazilian Municipality , 2022, Frontiers in Nutrition.

[19]  J. Erdman,et al.  Perspective: Soy-based Meat and Dairy Alternatives, Despite Classification as Ultra-processed Foods, Deliver High-quality Nutrition on Par with Unprocessed or Minimally Processed Animal-based Counterparts , 2022, Advances in nutrition.

[20]  Isabel María García Sánchez,et al.  Food Addiction in Eating Disorders: A Cluster Analysis Approach and Treatment Outcome , 2022, Nutrients.

[21]  A. Gearhardt,et al.  Food insecurity and ultra-processed food consumption: the modifying role of participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). , 2022, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[22]  A. Gearhardt,et al.  Prevalence of food addiction determined by the Yale Food Addiction Scale and associated factors: A systematic review with meta-analysis. , 2021, European eating disorders review : the journal of the Eating Disorders Association.

[23]  Tadeja Gracner,et al.  Changes in Weight-Related Outcomes Among Adolescents Following Consumer Price Increases of Taxed Sugar-Sweetened Beverages. , 2021, JAMA pediatrics.

[24]  A. Fink-Jensen,et al.  The role of glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1) in addictive disorders , 2021, British journal of pharmacology.

[25]  J. Monterosso,et al.  Obesity and Sex-Related Associations With Differential Effects of Sucralose vs Sucrose on Appetite and Reward Processing , 2021, JAMA network open.

[26]  S. Barquera,et al.  The Influence of Front-of-Package Nutrition Labeling on Consumer Behavior and Product Reformulation. , 2021, Annual review of nutrition.

[27]  B. Popkin,et al.  Changes in food purchases after the Chilean policies on food labelling, marketing, and sales in schools: a before and after study. , 2021, The Lancet. Planetary health.

[28]  A. Gearhardt,et al.  Is Food Addictive? A Review of the Science. , 2021, Annual review of nutrition.

[29]  D. Kenkel,et al.  Quantifying brand loyalty: Evidence from the cigarette market. , 2021, Journal of health economics.

[30]  I. Balodis,et al.  Food addiction in a large community sample of Canadian adults: prevalence and relationship with obesity, body composition, quality of life and impulsivity. , 2021, Addiction.

[31]  Erica M. Schulte,et al.  Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale version 2.0 (C-mYFAS 2.0): Prevalence of food addiction and relationship with resilience and social support , 2021, Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity.

[32]  M. Jafari,et al.  Persian Version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0: Psychometric Analysis and Setting Cutoff Point for the Food Cravings Questionnaire-Trait-Reduced , 2021, Psychiatry investigation.

[33]  Hale Yapici-Eser,et al.  Can GLP-1 Be a Target for Reward System Related Disorders? A Qualitative Synthesis and Systematic Review Analysis of Studies on Palatable Food, Drugs of Abuse, and Alcohol , 2021, Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience.

[34]  S. Østergaard,et al.  Food addiction comorbid to mental disorders: A nationwide survey and register-based study. , 2021, The International journal of eating disorders.

[35]  A. Pakpour,et al.  Prevalence of food addiction in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta‐analysis , 2021, Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity.

[36]  T. McBride,et al.  Impact of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Warning Labels on Consumer Behaviors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. , 2020, American journal of preventive medicine.

[37]  T. Wadden,et al.  An evaluation of food addiction as a distinct psychiatric disorder. , 2020, The International journal of eating disorders.

[38]  D. Levy,et al.  The actual and anticipated effects of a menthol cigarette ban: a scoping review , 2020, BMC Public Health.

[39]  K. Page,et al.  Effects of Non-nutritive Sweeteners on Sweet Taste Processing and Neuroendocrine Regulation of Eating Behavior , 2020, Current Nutrition Reports.

[40]  T. Marteau,et al.  Impact of health warning labels on selection and consumption of food and alcohol products: systematic review with meta-analysis , 2020, Health psychology review.

[41]  Anna H. Grummon,et al.  Sugary drink warnings: A meta-analysis of experimental studies , 2020, PLoS medicine.

[42]  F. Arturi,et al.  An open-label trial on the efficacy and tolerability of naltrexone/bupropion SR for treating altered eating behaviours and weight loss in binge eating disorder , 2020, Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity.

[43]  J. Marks Lessons from Corporate Influence in the Opioid Epidemic: Toward a Norm of Separation , 2020, Journal of Bioethical Inquiry.

[44]  Adrian Meule Twenty Years of the Food Cravings Questionnaires: a Comprehensive Review , 2020, Current Addiction Reports.

[45]  B. Popkin,et al.  An evaluation of Chile’s Law of Food Labeling and Advertising on sugar-sweetened beverage purchases from 2015 to 2017: A before-and-after study , 2020, PLoS medicine.

[46]  Raouf Alebshehy WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2019 , 2019 .

[47]  A. King,et al.  Baseline Psychosocial and Demographic Factors Associated with Study Attrition and 12‐Month Weight Gain in the DIETFITS Trial , 2019, Obesity.

[48]  Ioannis Ioakimidis,et al.  Ultra-processed food advertisements dominate the food advertising landscape in two Stockholm areas with low vs high socioeconomic status. Is it time for regulatory action? , 2019, BMC Public Health.

[49]  Ashley N. Gearhardt,et al.  Ten Years of the Yale Food Addiction Scale: a Review of Version 2.0 , 2019, Current Addiction Reports.

[50]  F. Rauber,et al.  Ultra-processed foods: what they are and how to identify them , 2019, Public Health Nutrition.

[51]  Adrian Meule A Critical Examination of the Practical Implications Derived from the Food Addiction Concept , 2019, Current Obesity Reports.

[52]  Wenfei Han,et al.  Sugar Metabolism Regulates Flavor Preferences and Portal Glucose Sensing , 2018, Front. Integr. Neurosci..

[53]  Ivan E. de Araujo,et al.  A Neural Circuit for Gut-Induced Reward , 2018, Cell.

[54]  Thuy Tran,et al.  Menthol facilitates dopamine-releasing effect of nicotine in rat nucleus accumbens , 2018, Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior.

[55]  A. Dagher,et al.  Supra-Additive Effects of Combining Fat and Carbohydrate on Food Reward. , 2018, Cell metabolism.

[56]  L. John,et al.  The Effect of Graphic Warnings on Sugary-Drink Purchasing , 2018, Psychological science.

[57]  C. Soriano-Mas,et al.  Validation of the Spanish Version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (YFAS 2.0) and Clinical Correlates in a Sample of Eating Disorder, Gambling Disorder, and Healthy Control Participants , 2018, Front. Psychiatry.

[58]  F. Fernández-Aranda,et al.  Are trans diagnostic models of eating disorders fit for purpose? A consideration of the evidence for food addiction , 2018, European eating disorders review : the journal of the Eating Disorders Association.

[59]  K. Brownell,et al.  Food Swamps Predict Obesity Rates Better Than Food Deserts in the United States , 2017, International journal of environmental research and public health.

[60]  A. Gearhardt,et al.  Foods are differentially associated with subjective effect report questions of abuse liability , 2017, PloS one.

[61]  B. Swinburn,et al.  The share of ultra-processed foods and the overall nutritional quality of diets in the US: evidence from a nationally representative cross-sectional study , 2017, Population Health Metrics.

[62]  F. Casanueva,et al.  Food Addiction in Bulimia Nervosa: Clinical Correlates and Association with Response to a Brief Psychoeducational Intervention. , 2016, European eating disorders review : the journal of the Eating Disorders Association.

[63]  P. Ellis,et al.  A review of the impact of processing on nutrient bioaccessibility and digestion of almonds , 2016, International journal of food science & technology.

[64]  S. Gilman,et al.  Food insecurity and mental illness: disproportionate impacts in the context of perceived stress and social isolation. , 2016, Public health.

[65]  K. Brownell,et al.  Development of the Yale Food Addiction Scale Version 2.0. , 2016, Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors.

[66]  D. Mozaffarian,et al.  Ultra-processed foods and added sugars in the US diet: evidence from a nationally representative cross-sectional study , 2016, BMJ Open.

[67]  M. Y. Pepino,et al.  Metabolic effects of non-nutritive sweeteners , 2015, Physiology & Behavior.

[68]  J. Whitaker Packaged Pleasures: How Technology and Marketing Revolutionized Desire , 2015 .

[69]  R. Pickering,et al.  Epidemiology of DSM-5 Alcohol Use Disorder: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions III. , 2015, JAMA psychiatry.

[70]  N. Avena,et al.  Which Foods May Be Addictive? The Roles of Processing, Fat Content, and Glycemic Load , 2015, PloS one.

[71]  Rebecca G. Boswell,et al.  The association of "food addiction" with disordered eating and body mass index. , 2014, Eating behaviors.

[72]  John M. Pogue Salt Sugar Fat: How the Food Giants Hooked Us , 2014 .

[73]  R. Puhl,et al.  Food addiction as a causal model of obesity. Effects on stigma, blame, and perceived psychopathology , 2014, Appetite.

[74]  G. MacGregor,et al.  Salt reduction in England from 2003 to 2011: its relationship to blood pressure, stroke and ischaemic heart disease mortality , 2014, BMJ Open.

[75]  M. A. De Luca,et al.  Habituation of the responsiveness of mesolimbic and mesocortical dopamine transmission to taste stimuli , 2014, Front. Integr. Neurosci..

[76]  E. Walker,et al.  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 2013 .

[77]  R. Sinha,et al.  Stress as a Common Risk Factor for Obesity and Addiction , 2013, Biological Psychiatry.

[78]  K. Torii Brain activation by the umami taste substance monosodium L-glutamate via gustatory and visceral signaling pathways, and its physiological significance due to homeostasis after a meal , 2012 .

[79]  Jennifer M Kreslake,et al.  Role of cigarette sensory cues in modifying puffing topography. , 2012, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[80]  K. Warner,et al.  The impact of tobacco control research on policy: 20 years of progress , 2012, Tobacco Control.

[81]  Eric Stice,et al.  Neural correlates of food addiction. , 2011, Archives of general psychiatry.

[82]  K. Warner,et al.  Tobacco control policy in developed countries: yesterday, today, and tomorrow. , 2010, Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.

[83]  J. Rose,et al.  Reinforcing effects of nicotine and non-nicotine components of cigarette smoke , 2010, Psychopharmacology.

[84]  K. Brownell,et al.  The perils of ignoring history: Big Tobacco played dirty and millions died. How similar is Big Food? , 2009, The Milbank quarterly.

[85]  R. Margolskee,et al.  T1R3 and gustducin in gut sense sugars to regulate expression of Na+-glucose cotransporter 1 , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[86]  J. Henningfield,et al.  Tobacco industry litigation position on addiction: continued dependence on past views , 2006, Tobacco Control.

[87]  R. Herning,et al.  Effect of rate of administration on subjective and physiological effects of intravenous cocaine in humans. , 2006, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[88]  M. A. De Luca,et al.  Differential adaptive properties of accumbens shell dopamine responses to ethanol as a drug and as a motivational stimulus , 2003, The European journal of neuroscience.

[89]  M. A. De Luca,et al.  Differential Expression of Motivational Stimulus Properties by Dopamine in Nucleus Accumbens Shell versus Core and Prefrontal Cortex , 2002, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[90]  R. S. Hopkins,et al.  Influence of a counteradvertising media campaign on initiation of smoking: the Florida "truth" campaign. , 2001, American journal of public health.

[91]  R. Hurt,et al.  Prying open the door to the tobacco industry's secrets about nicotine: the Minnesota Tobacco Trial. , 1998, JAMA.

[92]  V Bassareo,et al.  Differential Influence of Associative and Nonassociative Learning Mechanisms on the Responsiveness of Prefrontal and Accumbal Dopamine Transmission to Food Stimuli in Rats Fed Ad Libitum , 1997, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[93]  G. Di Chiara,et al.  Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[94]  OUP accepted manuscript , 2022, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

[95]  OUP accepted manuscript , 2022, Advances in Nutrition: An International Review Journal.

[96]  Brandon J. Restrepo,et al.  Denmark's Policy on Artificial Trans Fat and Cardiovascular Disease. , 2016, American journal of preventive medicine.

[97]  Brandon J. Restrepo,et al.  Trans fat and cardiovascular disease mortality: Evidence from bans in restaurants in New York. , 2016, Journal of health economics.

[98]  G. Timmerman,et al.  Anatomy of a binge: food environment and characteristics of nonpurge binge episodes. , 2007, Eating behaviors.

[99]  H. Wit,et al.  Rate of increase of plasma drug level influences subjective response in humans , 2005, Psychopharmacology.

[100]  R. Norgren,et al.  Oral sucrose stimulation increases accumbens dopamine in the rat. , 2004, American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology.