Combination of phenolic profiles, pharmacological properties and in silico studies to provide new insights on Silene salsuginea from Turkey

The genus Silene is renowned in Turkey for its traditional use as food and medicine. Currently, there are 138 species of Silene in Turkey, amongst which have been several studies for possible pharmacological potential and application in food industry. However, there is currently a paucity of data on Silene salsuginea Hub.-Mor. This study endeavours to access its antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, and anti-inflammatory properties. Besides, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (RP-HPLC-DAD) was used to detect phenolic compounds, and molecular docking was performed to provide new insights for tested enzymes and phenolics. High amounts of apigenin (534 μg/g extract), ferulic acid (452 μg/g extract), p-coumaric acid (408 μg/g extract), and quercetin (336 μg/g extract) were detected in the methanol extract while rutin (506 μg/g extract) was most abundant in the aqueous extract. As for their biological properties, the methanol extract exhibited the best antioxidant effect in the DPPH and CUPRAC assays, and also the highest inhibition against tyrosinase. The aqueous extract was the least active enzyme inhibitor but showed the highest antioxidant efficacy in the ABTS, FRAP, and metal chelating assays. At a concentration of 15.6 μg/mL, the methanol extract resulted in a moderate decrease (25.1%) of NO production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cells. Among the phenolic compounds, epicatechin, (+)-catechin, and kaempferol showed the highest binding affinity towards the studied enzymes in silico. It can be concluded that extracts of S. salsuginea are a potential source of functional food ingredients but need further analytical experiments to explore its complexity of chemical compounds and pharmacological properties as well as using in vivo toxicity models to establish its maximum tolerated dose.

[1]  P. Xiao,et al.  Application of High‐Throughput Sequencing in Medicinal Plant Transcriptome Studies , 2012 .

[2]  S. Kang,et al.  Analysis and the potential applications of essential oil and leaf extracts of Silene armeria L. to control food spoilage and food-borne pathogens , 2008 .

[3]  K. Alpinar,et al.  An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in western part of central Taurus Mountains: Aladaglar (Nigde - Turkey). , 2015, Journal of ethnopharmacology.

[4]  H. Czeczot,et al.  Evaluation of antioxidant potential of flavonoids: an in vitro study. , 2011, Acta poloniae pharmaceutica.

[5]  Wei Li,et al.  Oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins from Silene armeria. , 2016, Phytochemistry.

[6]  Cengiz Sarikurkcu,et al.  An alternative antioxidative and enzyme inhibitory agent from Turkey: Robinia pseudoacacia L. , 2015 .

[7]  Yvain Nicolet,et al.  Crystal Structure of Human Butyrylcholinesterase and of Its Complexes with Substrate and Products* , 2003, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[8]  N. Lall,et al.  Melanin and Its Role in Hyper-Pigmentation – Current Knowledge and Future Trends in Research , 2011 .

[9]  A. Alam,et al.  Anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective potentials of the aerial parts of Silene villosa Caryophyllaceae methanol extract in rats , 2018 .

[10]  S. Kang,et al.  Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oil and various extract of Silene armeria L. , 2008, Bioresource technology.

[11]  M. Rudolph,et al.  Structures of human acetylcholinesterase in complex with pharmacologically important ligands. , 2012, Journal of medicinal chemistry.

[12]  I. Turkoglu,et al.  An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Sivrice (Elazığ-Turkey). , 2010, Journal of ethnopharmacology.

[13]  A. Brzozowski,et al.  Structure of the Aspergillus oryzae alpha-amylase complexed with the inhibitor acarbose at 2.0 A resolution. , 1997, Biochemistry.

[14]  N. Mimica-Dukić,et al.  Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of quercetin and its derivatives , 2018 .

[15]  V. L. Singleton,et al.  Total Phenol Analysis: Automation and Comparison with Manual Methods , 1977, American Journal of Enology and Viticulture.

[16]  L. Cipak,et al.  Study of antioxidant effect of apigenin, luteolin and quercetin by DNA protective method. , 2001, Neoplasma.

[17]  F. Satıl,et al.  Traditional uses of medicinal plants in Solhan (Bingöl-Turkey). , 2013, Journal of ethnopharmacology.

[18]  R. Rodríguez-Solana,et al.  Antioxidant activity and enzymes inhibitory properties of several extracts from two Moroccan Asteraceae species , 2018, South African Journal of Botany.

[19]  K. Silva,et al.  Antioxidant properties of selected fruit cultivars grown in Sri Lanka. , 2018, Food chemistry.

[20]  G. Zengin,et al.  In vitro enzyme inhibitory properties, antioxidant activities, and phytochemical profile of Potentilla thuringiaca , 2017 .

[21]  S. Carradori,et al.  Development of novel techniques to extract phenolic compounds from Romanian cultivars of Prunus domestica L. and their biological properties. , 2018, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[22]  Sang Cheol Kim,et al.  Determination of bioactive compounds in fermented soybean products using GC/MS and further investigation of correlation of their bioactivities. , 2012, Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences.

[23]  S. Carradori,et al.  A multi-methodological approach in the study of Italian PDO "Cornetto di Pontecorvo" red sweet pepper. , 2018, Food chemistry.

[24]  T. Mosmann.  Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. , 1983, Journal of immunological methods.

[25]  Alessandro Pedretti,et al.  VEGA – An open platform to develop chemo-bio-informatics applications, using plug-in architecture and script programming , 2004, J. Comput. Aided Mol. Des..

[26]  G. Zengin,et al.  Ajuga chamaecistus subsp. scoparia (Boiss.) Rech.f.: A new source of phytochemicals for antidiabetic, skin-care, and neuroprotective uses , 2016 .

[27]  Ó. Vicente,et al.  Comparative analysis of water deficit and salt tolerance mechanisms in Silene , 2018, South African Journal of Botany.

[28]  M. B. Joray,et al.  Tyrosinase inhibitory activity of native plants from central Argentina: Isolation of an active principle from Lithrea molleoides , 2010 .

[29]  I. Orhan,et al.  Insight into anticholinesterase and antioxidant potential of thirty-four Rosaceae samples and phenolic characterization of the active extracts by HPLC , 2016 .

[30]  H. Wagner,et al.  Jennisseensosides C and D, biologically active acylated triterpene saponins from Silene jenisseensis. , 1997, Phytochemistry.

[31]  M. Yao,et al.  Molecular Basis for the Recognition of Long-chain Substrates by Plant α-Glucosidases , 2013, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[32]  M. Ghonime,et al.  Evaluation of immunomodulatory effect of three herbal plants growing in Egypt , 2011, Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology.

[33]  E. Yeşilada,et al.  Inferences from an ethnobotanical field expedition in the selected locations of Sivas and Yozgat provinces (Turkey). , 2011, Journal of ethnopharmacology.

[34]  P. Kubes,et al.  Nitric oxide and intestinal inflammation. , 2000, The American journal of medicine.

[35]  S. Oikawa,et al.  In vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties of ferulic acid: a comparative study with other natural oxidation inhibitors. , 2009 .

[36]  H. Wagner,et al.  Acylated triterpene saponins from Silene jenisseensis. , 1995, Phytochemistry.

[37]  A. Mollica,et al.  Scrophularia lucida L. as a valuable source of bioactive compounds for pharmaceutical applications: In vitro antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, enzyme inhibitory properties, in silico studies, and HPLC profiles , 2019, Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.

[38]  G. D. Liyanaarachchi,et al.  Tyrosinase, elastase, hyaluronidase, inhibitory and antioxidant activity of Sri Lankan medicinal plants for novel cosmeceuticals , 2018 .

[39]  C. Scarlett,et al.  Phytochemicals and antioxidant capacity of Xao tam phan (Paramignya trimera) root as affected by various solvents and extraction methods , 2015 .

[40]  Y. Yeşiloğlu,et al.  Spectroscopic studies on the antioxidant activity of p-coumaric acid. , 2013, Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy.

[41]  K. Hostettmann,et al.  Triterpenoid saponins from the roots of Silene cucubalus. , 2003, Fitoterapia.

[42]  G. Zengin,et al.  UHPLC-QTOF-MS analysis of bioactive constituents from two Romanian Goji (Lycium barbarum L.) berries cultivars and their antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, and real-time cytotoxicological evaluation. , 2018, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.