The Cognitive Integration of E-Memory

If we are flexible, hybrid and unfinished creatures that tend to incorporate or at least employ technological artefacts in our cognitive lives, then the sort of technological regime we live under should shape the kinds of minds we possess and the sorts of beings we are. E-Memory consists in digital systems and services we use to record, store and access digital memory traces to augment, re-use or replace organismic systems of memory. I consider the various advantages of extended and embedded approaches to cognition in making sense of E-Memory and some of the problems that debate can engender. I also explore how the different approaches imply different answers to questions such as: does our use of internet technology imply the diminishment of ourselves and our cognitive abilities? Whether or not our technologies can become actual parts of our minds, they may still influence our cognitive profile. I suggest E-Memory systems have four factors: totality, practical cognitive incorporability, autonomy and entanglement which conjointly have a novel incorporation profile and hence afford some novel cognitive possibilities. I find that thanks to the properties of totality and incorporability we can expect an increasing reliance on E-Memory. Yet the potentially highly entangled and autonomous nature of these technologie pose questions about whether they should really be counted as proper parts of our minds.

[1]  John L. Campbell The Ownership of Thoughts , 2003 .

[2]  Abigail Sellen,et al.  Beyond total capture , 2010, Commun. ACM.

[3]  A. Clark,et al.  Books , 2004, INTR.

[4]  E. Loftus,et al.  On the permanence of stored information in the human brain. , 1980, The American psychologist.

[5]  J. Halverson Goody and the Implosion of the Literacy Thesis , 1992 .

[6]  Jaron Lanier,et al.  You Are Not a Gadget: A Manifesto , 2010 .

[7]  D. Schacter Implicit memory: History and current status. , 1987 .

[8]  Robert W. Clowes Hybrid memory, cognitive technology and self , 2012 .

[9]  N. Carr The Shallows: How the Internet Is Changing the Way We Think, Read and Remember , 2010 .

[10]  P. Robbins,et al.  The Cambridge Handbook of Situated Cognition , 2001 .

[11]  A. Clark,et al.  The Extended Mind , 1998, Analysis.

[12]  E. Loftus,et al.  Reconstruction of automobile destruction: An example of the interaction between language and memory , 1974 .

[13]  M. Mcluhan Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man , 1964 .

[14]  Mark Rowlands,et al.  The body in mind , 1999 .

[15]  Mikko Tapani Karaiste Delete: The virtue of forgetting in the digital age , 2010 .

[16]  B. Sparrow,et al.  Google Effects on Memory: Cognitive Consequences of Having Information at Our Fingertips , 2011, Science.

[17]  R. Yeo Notebooks as memory aids: Precepts and practices in early modern England , 2008 .

[18]  Jim Gemmell,et al.  Total Recall: How the E-Memory Revolution Will Change , 2009 .

[19]  W. Ong,et al.  Orality and literacy : the technologizing of the word , 1982 .

[20]  S. Mithen The Prehistory of the Mind , 1996 .

[21]  Abigail Sellen,et al.  Now let me see where i was: understanding how lifelogs mediate memory , 2010, CHI.

[22]  A. Baddeley Working Memory: The Interface between Memory and Cognition , 1992, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[23]  Susan Greenfield I.D. : the quest for identity in the 21st century , 2008 .

[24]  Shahram Izadi,et al.  SenseCam: A Retrospective Memory Aid , 2006, UbiComp.

[25]  Robert D. Rupert Challenges to the Hypothesis of Extended Cognition , 2004 .

[26]  Martin H. Levinson Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other , 2011 .

[27]  R. Menzel Learning, Memory, and Cognition: Animal Perspectives , 2013 .

[28]  N. Carr Is Google Making Us Stupid? , 2008, The Best Technology Writing 2009.

[29]  A. Clark Supersizing the Mind , 2008 .

[30]  J. Sutton Exaograms and Interdisciplinarity: history, the extended mind, and the civilizing process , 2006 .

[31]  Steve Hodges,et al.  Neuropsychological Rehabilitation , 2013 .

[32]  L. S. Vygotskiĭ,et al.  Ape, Primitive Man, and Child Essays in the History of Behavior , 1992 .

[33]  Richard Heersmink,et al.  Mind and artifact : a multidimensional matrix for exploring cognition-artifact , 2012 .

[34]  E. Tulving,et al.  Episodic and semantic memory , 1972 .

[35]  M. Donald Précis of Origins of the modern mind: Three stages in the evolution of culture and cognition , 1993, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[36]  Steve Whittaker,et al.  Cueing digital memory: how and why do digital notes help us remember? , 2008, BCS HCI.

[37]  James A. Hendler,et al.  Cognitive Extension and the Web , 2009 .

[38]  Robert A. Wilson,et al.  How to situate cognition: Letting nature take its course , 2009 .

[39]  F. Adams,et al.  The bounds of cognition , 2001 .

[40]  R. Hepburn,et al.  BEING AND TIME , 2010 .

[41]  C. Hoerl Episodic Memory, Autobiographical Memory, Narrative: On Three Key Notions in Current Approaches to Memory Development , 2007 .

[42]  Richard Menary Cognitive Integration and the Extended Mind , 2010 .

[43]  M. Donald Origins of the modern mind , 1991 .

[44]  Paul R. Smart,et al.  The Web‐Extended Mind , 2012 .

[45]  E. Hutchins Cognition in the wild , 1995 .

[46]  D. Wegner Transactive Memory: A Contemporary Analysis of the Group Mind , 1987 .

[47]  J. Goody The Domestication of the Savage Mind , 1982 .

[48]  David R. Olson,et al.  The World on Paper: The Conceptual and Cognitive Implications of Writing and Reading , 1996 .

[49]  Gordon Bell,et al.  MyLifeBits: a personal database for everything , 2006, CACM.