Predictive Algorithm for Optimizing Power Flow in Hybrid Ultracapacitor/Battery Storage Systems for Light Electric Vehicles

This study deals with the optimal control of hybrid energy storage systems for electric vehicle applications. These storage systems can capitalize on the high specific energy of Lithium-Ion batteries and the high specific power of modern ultracapacitors. The new predictive algorithm uses a state-based approach inspired by power systems optimization, organized as a probability-weighted Markov process to predict future load demands. Decisions on power sharing are made in real time, based on the predictions and probabilities of state trajectories along with associated system losses. Detailed simulations comparing various power sharing algorithms are presented, along with converter-level simulations presenting the response characteristics of power sharing scenarios. The full hybrid storage system along with the mechanical drivetrain is implemented and validated experimentally on a 500 W, 50 V system with a programmable drive cycle having a strong regenerative component. It is experimentally shown that the hybrid energy storage system runs more efficiently and captures the excess regenerative energy that is otherwise dissipated in the mechanical brakes due to the battery's limited charge current capability.

[1]  Scott D. Sudhoff,et al.  Analysis of Electric Machinery and Drive Systems , 1995 .

[2]  Robert W. Erickson,et al.  Fundamentals of Power Electronics , 2001 .

[3]  J. C. Balda,et al.  Comparing DC-DC converters for power management in hybrid electric vehicles , 2003, IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference, 2003. IEMDC'03..

[4]  R.A. Dougal,et al.  Power enhancement of an actively controlled battery/ultracapacitor hybrid , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[5]  Mutsuo Nakaoka,et al.  Bidirectional DC-DC Converter with Full-bridge / Push-pull circuit for Automobile Electric Power Systems , 2006 .

[6]  Binggang Cao,et al.  Energy-Regenerative Fuzzy Sliding Mode Controller Design for Ultracapacitor-Battery Hybrid Power of Electric Vehicle , 2007, 2007 International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation.

[7]  L.-A. Dessaint,et al.  A Generic Battery Model for the Dynamic Simulation of Hybrid Electric Vehicles , 2007, 2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference.

[8]  A. A. Ferreira,et al.  Control Strategy for Battery-Ultracapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System , 2009, 2009 Twenty-Fourth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition.

[9]  Ali Emadi,et al.  A new battery/ultra-capacitor hybrid energy storage system for electric, hybrid and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles , 2009, 2009 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference.

[10]  Joachim Bocker,et al.  Optimal energy management for a hybrid energy storage system combining batteries and double layer capacitors , 2009, 2009 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition.

[11]  W. Eberle,et al.  A Practical Switching Loss Model for Buck Voltage Regulators , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[12]  Mehran Ahmadi Dehaghi,et al.  A new buck-and-boost ultracapacitor interface circuit for the HEVs , 2009, 2009 4th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications.

[13]  Varsha A. Shah,et al.  An energy management system for a battery ultracapacitor Hybrid Electric Vehicle , 2009, 2009 International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems (ICIIS).

[14]  Yoichi Hori,et al.  Development of a novel ultracapacitor electric vehicle and methods to cope with voltage variation , 2009, 2009 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference.

[15]  Hans-Georg Herzog,et al.  Investigation of control strategies for hybrid energy storage systems in hybrid electric vehicles , 2009, 2009 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference.

[16]  H. A. Borhan,et al.  Model predictive control of a power-split Hybrid Electric Vehicle with combined battery and ultracapacitor energy storage , 2010, Proceedings of the 2010 American Control Conference.

[17]  A. Bouscayrol,et al.  Different energy management strategies of Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) using batteries and supercapacitors for vehicular applications , 2010, 2010 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference.

[18]  Omar Laldin,et al.  Optimal power flow for hybrid ultracapacitor systems in light electric vehicles , 2011, 2011 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition.

[19]  Francis P. Dawson,et al.  Sizing considerations for ultracapacitors in hybrid energy storage systems , 2011, 2011 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition.

[20]  Makbul Anwari,et al.  A parallel energy-sharing control for fuel cell-battery-ultracapacitor hybrid vehicle , 2011, 2011 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition.