Power Quality Phenomena in Electric Railway Power Supply Systems: An Exhaustive Framework and Classification

Electric railway power systems (ERPS) as one of the most critical and high-power end-user loads of utility grids are characterized by outlandish power quality (PQ) problems all over the world. The extension and evolution of different supply topologies for these systems has resulted in significant and various forms of distortions in network voltage and current in all ERPS, the connected power system, and adjacent consumers. During the last years, numerous studies have been offered to investigate various aspects of PQs in a specific supplying topology. Variation in the supply structure of the ERPS and different types of locomotives has propelled the observation of different PQ phenomena. This versatility and development have led to confront considerable types of two-way interactive interfaces as well as reliability and PQ problems in ERPS. In addition, the lack of standards explicitly dedicated to ERPS has added to the ambiguity and complexity of this issue. In this paper, an extensive review of PQ distortions and phenomena in different configurations of ERPS is proposed and a systematic classification is presented. More than 140 scientific papers and publications are studied and categorized which can provide a fast review and a perfect perspective on the status of PQ indexes for researchers and experts.

[1]  Math Bollen,et al.  A rotary frequency converter model for electromechanical transient studies of 1623 Hz railway systems , 2019 .

[2]  Hamed Jafari Kaleybar,et al.  The Evolution of Railway Power Supply Systems Toward Smart Microgrids: The concept of the energy hub and integration of distributed energy resources , 2020, IEEE Electrification Magazine.

[3]  U. Spangenberg,et al.  Variable frequency drive harmonics and interharmonics exciting axle torsional vibration resulting in railway wheel polygonisation , 2020, Vehicle System Dynamics.

[4]  Zeliang Shu,et al.  Advanced Cophase Traction Power Supply System Based on Three-Phase to Single-Phase Converter , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[5]  Hamed Jafari Kaleybar,et al.  Dual-loop generalized predictive control method for two-phase three-wire railway active power quality controller , 2020 .

[6]  Longfu Luo,et al.  A Compensation System for Cophase High-Speed Electric Railways by Reactive Power Generation of SHC&SAC , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[7]  Tomasz Chmielewski,et al.  Switching transients in a 2 × 15 kV 16.7 Hz autotransformer railway system , 2018 .

[8]  Robert E Morrison,et al.  Voltage form factor control and reactive power compensation in a 25-kV electrified railway system using a shunt active filter based on voltage detection , 2003 .

[9]  Xinjian Jiang,et al.  A novel active power quality compensator topology for electrified railway , 2004 .

[10]  Andrea Mariscotti Induced Voltage Calculation in Electric Traction Systems: Simplified Methods, Screening Factors, and Accuracy , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems.

[11]  Antonio Lázaro,et al.  Modulation Technique for Low Frequency Harmonic Cancellation in Auxiliary Railway Power Supplies , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[12]  Yanling Yang,et al.  Negative Sequence Current Optimizing Control Based on Railway Static Power Conditioner in V/v Traction Power Supply System , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[13]  Yung-Sung Chuang,et al.  Loading characteristics analysis of specially connected transformers using various power factor definitions , 2006 .

[14]  L. Sainz,et al.  Analytical Study of the Series Resonance in Power Systems With the Steinmetz Circuit , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[15]  Deepak Ronanki,et al.  Modular Multilevel Converters for Transportation Electrification: Challenges and Opportunities , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification.

[16]  Zhouxiang Fei,et al.  AC railway electrification systems — An EMC perspective , 2019, IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Magazine.

[17]  Zhigang Liu,et al.  Integrated Full-Frequency Impedance Modeling and Stability Analysis of the Train-Network Power Supply System for High-Speed Railways , 2018 .

[18]  Josep M. Guerrero,et al.  Aalborg Universitet Analysis and Comparison of Modular Railway Power Conditioner for High-Speed Railway Traction System , 2016 .

[19]  Xinglai Ge,et al.  Low-Frequency Oscillation Analysis of the Train-Grid System Based on an Improved Forbidden-Region Criterion , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications.

[20]  Soo-Hwan Cho,et al.  Advanced Railway Power Quality Detecting Algorithm Using a Combined TEO and STFT Method , 2015 .

[21]  Zhengyou He,et al.  Train–Network Interactions and Stability Evaluation in High-Speed Railways—Part II: Influential Factors and Verifications , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[22]  Poh Chiang Loh,et al.  A robust multilevel hybrid compensation system for 25-kV electrified railway applications , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[23]  Hanmin Lee,et al.  Harmonic analysis of the korean high-speed railway using the eight-port representation model , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[24]  Seyed Saeed Fazel,et al.  Load flow analysis and future development study for an AC electric railway , 2012 .

[25]  Andrea Mariscotti,et al.  Uncertainty of the Energy Measurement Function deriving from Distortion Power Terms for a 16.7 Hz Railway , 2020 .

[26]  I. Cadirci,et al.  Power Quality Solutions for Light Rail Public Transportation Systems Fed by Medium-Voltage Underground Cables , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications.

[27]  Xiongfei Wang,et al.  Harmonic Instability Assessment Using State-Space Modeling and Participation Analysis in Inverter-Fed Power Systems , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[28]  Yu-Jen Liu,et al.  Mayr's Equation-Based Model for Pantograph Arc of High-Speed Railway Traction System , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[29]  Andrea Mariscotti,et al.  Direct Measurement of Power Quality Over Railway Networks With Results of a 16.7-Hz Network , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

[30]  Han Zhang,et al.  An Approach to Suppress Low-Frequency Oscillation by Combining Extended State Observer With Model Predictive Control of EMUs Rectifier , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[31]  Andrea Mariscotti,et al.  Pantograph-to-OHL Arc: Conducted Effects in DC Railway Supply System , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

[32]  Brian G. Stewart,et al.  Power Quality Measurement and Active Harmonic Power in 25 kV 50 Hz AC Railway Systems , 2020, Energies.

[33]  Xin Li,et al.  Suppression of Cable Overvoltage in a High-Speed Electric Multiple Units System , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility.

[34]  N. Theethayi,et al.  Experimental Investigation of Lightning Transients Entering a Swedish Railway Facility , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[35]  Zhengyou He,et al.  Power quality in high-speed railway systems , 2016 .

[36]  Charalambos A. Charalambous,et al.  Effects of Electromagnetic Interference on Underground Pipelines Caused by the Operation of High Voltage AC Traction Systems: The Impact of Harmonics , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[37]  R. Thottappillil,et al.  Pantograph Arcing in Electrified Railways—Mechanism and Influence of Various Parameters—Part II: With AC Traction Power Supply , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[38]  Morris Brenna,et al.  Analysis of the Filters Installed in the Interconnection Points Between Different Railway Supply Systems , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[39]  Zhengyou He,et al.  Harmonic Resonance Assessment to Traction Power-Supply System Considering Train Model in China High-Speed Railway , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[40]  Math Bollen,et al.  Transient stability analysis of low frequency railway grids , 2016 .

[41]  Zhengyou He,et al.  Passive Filter Design for China High-Speed Railway With Considering Harmonic Resonance and Characteristic Harmonics , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[42]  R. Morrison,et al.  Continuous Overvoltages on A.C. Traction Systems , 1983, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems.

[43]  Dario Zaninelli,et al.  New Stability Analysis for Tuning PI Controller of Power Converters in Railway Application , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[44]  E. Pilo,et al.  A Monovoltage Equivalent Model of Bi-Voltage Autotransformer-Based Electrical Systems in Railways , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[45]  Ying Liu,et al.  Analysis of static VAr compensators installed in different positions in electric railways , 2015 .

[46]  Pragasen Pillay,et al.  DC-Bus Voltage Balancing Algorithm for Three-Level Neutral-Point-Clamped (NPC) Traction Inverter Drive With Modified Virtual Space Vector , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications.

[47]  Zhengyou He,et al.  Impedance Measurement of Traction Network and Electric Train for Stability Analysis in High-Speed Railways , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[48]  Zhengyou He,et al.  Harmonic Instability Analysis and Suppression Method Based on αβ- Frame Impedance for Trains and Network Interaction System , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[49]  Kai Zhang,et al.  High-Performance Indirect Current Control Scheme for Railway Traction Four-Quadrant Converters , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[50]  Zhengyou He,et al.  Voltage-Sag-Profiles-Based Fault Location in High-Speed Railway Distribution System , 2017 .

[51]  D. Giordano,et al.  Experimental Characterization of Pantograph Arcs and Transient Conducted Phenomena in DC Railways , 2020 .

[52]  R. J. Hill Electric railway traction. VII. Electromagnetic interference in traction systems , 1997 .

[53]  Alexandru Bitoleanu,et al.  A Review of the Energy Efficiency Improvement in DC Railway Systems , 2019, Energies.

[54]  Morris Brenna,et al.  Sensitivity Analysis of the Constructive Parameters for the 2$\,\times\,$ 25-kV High-Speed Railway Lines Planning , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[55]  Herve Caron,et al.  Train Running Test Transmitted by Superconducting Feeder Cable and Study as an Example of Line in Japan and France , 2020, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[56]  Wu Mingli,et al.  Analysis of Low-Frequency Oscillation in Electric Railways Based on Small-Signal Modeling of Vehicle-Grid System in dq Frame , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[57]  Shi-Lin Chen,et al.  Traction system unbalance problem-analysis methodologies , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[58]  Hamed Jafari Kaleybar,et al.  A comprehensive control strategy of railway power quality compensator for AC traction power supply systems , 2016 .

[59]  Xiang Gao,et al.  A Power Factor-Oriented Railway Power Flow Controller for Power Quality Improvement in Electrical Railway Power System , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[60]  Wensheng Song,et al.  High-Frequency Harmonic Resonance Suppression in High-Speed Railway Through Single-Phase Traction Converter With LCL Filter , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification.

[61]  Haitao Hu,et al.  Low-Frequency Oscillation in Electric Railway Depot: A Comprehensive Review , 2021, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[62]  Xiaojie You,et al.  Smart Electric Neutral Section Executer Embedded With Automatic Pantograph Location Technique Based on Voltage and Current Signals , 2020, IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification.

[63]  Tsai-Hsiang Chen,et al.  Rigorous evaluation of the voltage unbalance due to high-speed railway demands , 1998 .

[64]  Zhigang Liu,et al.  An Approach to Suppress Low Frequency Oscillation in the Traction Network of High-Speed Railway Using Passivity-Based Control , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[65]  Lars Abrahamsson,et al.  Electrical railway power supply systems: Current situation and future trends , 2017 .

[66]  Bernardo Tellini,et al.  Conducted and radiated interference measurements in the line-pantograph system , 2001, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas..

[67]  Andrea Mariscotti Characterization of power quality transient phenomena of DC railway traction supply , 2012 .

[68]  Zhengyou He,et al.  Train–Network Interactions and Stability Evaluation in High-Speed Railways–Part I: Phenomena and Modeling , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[69]  Wu Mingli,et al.  Resonant frequency identification based on harmonic injection measuring method for traction power supply systems , 2017 .

[70]  João L. Afonso,et al.  New Reactive Power Compensation Strategies for Railway Infrastructure Capacity Increasing , 2020, Energies.

[71]  Eric Pierre Simon,et al.  Blind Digital Modulation Identification for MIMO Systems in Railway Environments With High-Speed Channels and Impulsive Noise , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[72]  R. E. Morrison,et al.  Specification of an overvoltage damping filter for the National Railways of Zimbabwe , 1989 .

[73]  Stephan Schmidt,et al.  Analysis of transients in electrical railway networks using wavelets , 1998, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron..

[74]  Zhengyou He,et al.  Study on Power Factor Behavior in High-Speed Railways Considering Train Timetable , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification.

[75]  M. McGranaghan,et al.  System impacts evaluation of a single-phase traction load on a 115 kV transmission system , 2006, 2004 11th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (IEEE Cat. No.04EX951).

[76]  Zhengyou He,et al.  Measurement-Based Compartmental Modeling of Harmonic Sources in Traction Power-Supply System , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[77]  Kunihiro Kawasaki Method to Calculate Fluctuations in the Strength of Radio Noise Emitted from Electric Railway Systems , 2009 .

[78]  R. J. Hill,et al.  Electric railway traction. VI. Electromagnetic compatibility disturbance-sources and equipment susceptibility , 1997 .

[79]  Shan Gao,et al.  Six-Step Mode Control of IPMSM for Railway Vehicle Traction Eliminating the DC Offset in Input Current , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[80]  Regina Lamedica,et al.  Investigation of resonance phenomena in high speed railway supply systems: Theoretical and experimental analysis , 2011 .

[81]  Meng Li,et al.  Analysis of Propagation Characteristics of Electromagnetic Disturbance from the Off‐Line of Pantograph‐Catenary in High‐Speed Railway Viaducts , 2020 .

[82]  E. Mollerstedt,et al.  Out of control because of harmonics-an analysis of the harmonic response of an inverter locomotive , 2000, IEEE Control Systems.

[83]  Byoung-Wook Kang,et al.  Study on Voltage Unbalance Improvement Using SFCL in Power Feed Network With Electric Railway System , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[84]  A. Mariscotti,et al.  Estimation of Stray Current From a DC-Electrified Railway and Impressed Potential on a Buried Pipe , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[85]  Peng Wang,et al.  A Novel Advanced Traction Power Supply System Based on Modular Multilevel Converter , 2019, IEEE Access.

[86]  Dario Zaninelli,et al.  Electromagnetic Model of High Speed Railway Lines for Power Quality Studies , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.