Conducting a Survey of Research on High Temperature Superconducting Transformers

Given the unique electrical and magnetic properties of superconductors, high temperature superconducting (HTS) transformers will play a central role in the electricity industry in the future. Therefore, identification and analysis of this type of transformers seems necessary and indispensable. To date, many types of development plans for HTS transformers have been carried out by major power companies and important research institutes, and it is expected that this type of transformers will become one of the superconducting power equipments installed at the first stage of commercialization in the power system. However, a review of reports and papers published in this field shows that there is still much work to be done to improve the design and performance of these transformers. This article presented a review classified by subject of previous research to help orient future research into the design, analysis, and manufacturing of this type of transformers.

[1]  B. Fischer,et al.  Development and characterization of Bi-2223 conductors for HTS transformer applications , 2001 .

[2]  Liye Xiao,et al.  Development of a 45 kVA Single-Phase Model HTS Transformer , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[3]  P. Surdacki,et al.  Modeling of the Power Losses and the Efficiency of a 21 MVA Superconducting Transformer , 2018, 2018 Conference on Electrotechnology: Processes, Models, Control and Computer Science (EPMCCS).

[4]  S. Kalsi,et al.  Development of a 1 MVA 3-Phase Superconducting Transformer Using YBCO Roebel Cable , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[5]  H Kojima,et al.  Analysis of Current Limiting and Recovery Characteristics of Superconducting Fault Current Limiting Transformer (SFCLT) With YBCO Coated Conductors , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[6]  Arsalan Hekmati,et al.  Optimal Design of Flux Diverter Using Genetic Algorithm for Axial Short Circuit Force Reduction in HTS Transformers , 2020, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[7]  Masataka Iwakuma,et al.  Development of a 22 kV/6.9 kV single-phase model for a 3 MVA HTS power transformer , 2001 .

[8]  J. Ma,et al.  Characteristic Tests and Electromagnetic Analysis of an HTS Partial Core Transformer , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[9]  R. Badcock,et al.  Test Results and Conclusions From a 1 MVA Superconducting Transformer Featuring 2G HTS Roebel Cable , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[10]  P. Tixador,et al.  Considerations about HTS superconducting transformers , 2001 .

[11]  S. Salon,et al.  Performance of a 1-MVA HTS demonstration transformer , 1999, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[12]  Zhenan Jiang,et al.  Ac loss modelling and measurement of superconducting transformers with coated-conductor Roebel-cable in low-voltage winding , 2015 .

[13]  B. Haken,et al.  RAPID COMMUNICATION: Optimum working temperature of power devices based on Bi-2223 superconductors , 2000 .

[14]  B. W. McConnell,et al.  Development of high temperature superconducting power transformers , 2001, 2001 IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.01CH37194).

[15]  Jian X. Jin,et al.  Critical Current and Cooling Favored Structure Design and Electromagnetic Analysis of 1 MVA HTS Power Transformer , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[16]  Subhashish Bhattacharya.  Transforming the transformer , 2017, IEEE Spectrum.

[17]  Masataka Iwakuma,et al.  AC loss properties of a 1 MVA single-phase HTS power transformer , 2001 .

[18]  Pat Bodger,et al.  Partial-core transformer design using reverse modelling techniques , 2001 .

[19]  H Heydari,et al.  Mechanical Force Analysis in Heavy-Current HTS Transformers Based on Field and Current Nonuniformity Coupled Analysis , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[20]  Xi Chen,et al.  Preliminary Investigation on Economic Aspects of Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) Systems and High-Temperature Superconducting (HTS) Transformers , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[21]  Zhenan Jiang,et al.  Verification Testing for a 1 MVA 3-Phase Demonstration Transformer Using 2G-HTS Roebel Cable , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[22]  S. Hahn,et al.  Design of a 1 MVA high T/sub c/ superconducting transformer , 2003 .

[23]  Shirish P. Mehta,et al.  Transforming transformers ~superconducting windings\ , 1997 .

[24]  M. Iwakuma,et al.  Development of a 3 $\phi$-66/6.9 kV-2 MVA REBCO Superconducting Transformer , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[25]  I. Itoh,et al.  Electromagnetic properties in parallel conductors composed of Bi2223 multifilamentary wires for power transformer windings , 1997, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[26]  G. Cha,et al.  Comparison of AC losses of HTS pancake winding with single tape and multi-stacked tape , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[27]  P. Suarez,et al.  Influence of the shape in the losses of solenoidal air-core transformers , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[28]  W. Carr,et al.  AC losses in superconducting solenoids , 1978 .

[29]  S. Kozak,et al.  The New Concept of Using the Superconducting Transformers in Low- and Medium-Voltage Distribution Network , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[30]  I. Itoh,et al.  Preliminary tests of a 500 kVA-class oxide superconducting transformer cooled by subcooled nitrogen , 1997, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[31]  Y. Wang,et al.  The Influence of Flux Diverter Structures on the AC Loss of HTS Transformer Windings , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[32]  S. Hahn,et al.  Test and characteristic analysis of an HTS power transformer , 2001 .

[33]  Woo-Seok Kim,et al.  Optimization of transformer winding considering AC loss of BSCCO wire , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[34]  G. Komarzyniec.  The Risk of Thermal Damage to the HTS Transformer”s Coils During the Inrush Current , 2018, 2018 Conference on Electrotechnology: Processes, Models, Control and Computer Science (EPMCCS).

[35]  M. Polák,et al.  End-winding region configuration of an HTS transformer , 2002 .

[36]  Chanjoo Lee,et al.  Design of the 3 phase 60 MVA HTS transformer with YBCO coated conductor windings , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[37]  K. F. Goddard,et al.  High temperature superconducting power transformers: conclusions from a design study , 1999 .

[38]  Vahid Farahani,et al.  Energy Loss Reduction by Conductor Replacement and Capacitor Placement in Distribution Systems , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[39]  Antonio Morandi,et al.  Superconducting transformers: key design aspects for power applications , 2008 .

[40]  Jianbo Sun,et al.  Numerical analysis on magnetic field of HTS transformer with different geometry , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.

[41]  Faramarz Faghihi,et al.  A new approach for AC loss reduction in HTS transformer using auxiliary windings, case study: 25 kA HTS current injection transformer , 2007 .

[42]  T. Janowski,et al.  Considerations of 2G HTS Transformer Temperature During Short Circuit , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[43]  Alfredo Álvarez,et al.  AC losses in a toroidal superconducting transformer , 2003 .

[44]  M. Noe,et al.  Current Limitation Experiments on a 1 MVA-Class Superconducting Current Limiting Transformer , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[45]  H Kojima,et al.  Progress in Development of Superconducting Fault Current Limiting Transformer (SFCLT) , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[46]  Chih-Kun Cheng,et al.  Asymmetrical winding configuration to reduce inrush current with appropriate short-circuit current in transformer , 2005 .

[47]  B. Kondratowicz-Kucewicz,et al.  The Proposal of a Transformer Model With Winding Made of Parallel 2G HTS Tapes With Transpositioners and its Contact Cooling System , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[48]  M. Noe,et al.  Manufacturing of a 1-MVA-Class Superconducting Fault Current Limiting Transformer With Recovery-Under-Load Capabilities , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[49]  Liye Xiao,et al.  Development of a 630 kVA Three-Phase HTS Transformer With Amorphous Alloy Cores , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[50]  E. A. Dzhafarov,et al.  First 1 MVA and 10/0.4 kV HTSC transformer in Russia , 2016 .

[51]  S.W. Lee,et al.  Design of a Single Phase 33 MVA HTS Transformer With OLTC , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[52]  L. Lai,et al.  Electromagnetic Analysis of an Air-Core HTS Transformer , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[53]  M. Polák,et al.  Comparison of solenoidal and pancake model windings for a superconducting transformer , 2001 .

[54]  S. Hahn,et al.  Characteristics of a Continuous Disk Winding for Large Power HTS Transformer , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[55]  G. Long,et al.  Analysis of magnetic field and circulating current for HTS transformer windings , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[56]  Yusheng Zhou,et al.  Influence of High Temperature Superconducting Transformer Geometry on Leakage Magnetic Field , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.

[57]  B. Seok,et al.  A study on mitigation method of perpendicular magnetic field in HTS superconducting coils for power transformer , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[58]  M. Iwakuma,et al.  Numerical Analysis of Current-Limiting Cooperation of a 20 MVA Superconducting Transformer and Cable , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[59]  M. Noe,et al.  High-Tc Superconducting Fault Current Limiting Transformer (HTc-SFCLT) With 2G Coated Conductors , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[60]  Woo-Seok Kim,et al.  Analysis of AC losses in HTS pancake windings for transformer according to the operating temperature , 2005, IEEE transactions on magnetics.

[61]  Vadim Z. Manusov,et al.  Design and Perspectives for Innovative Application of Power Transformers with a Superconducting Winding , 2018, 2018 XIV International Scientific-Technical Conference on Actual Problems of Electronics Instrument Engineering (APEIE).

[62]  M. Polák,et al.  Test results of 14 kVA superconducting transformer with Bi-2223/Ag windings , 2003 .

[63]  Z.Q. Zhu,et al.  Development of solenoid and double pancake windings for a three-phase 26 kVA HTS transformer , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[64]  P. Surdacki,et al.  PSpice Modeling of the Inrush Current in a 10 kVA Superconducting Transformer , 2018, 2018 Progress in Applied Electrical Engineering (PAEE).

[65]  Faramarz Faghihi,et al.  Hybrid winding configuration in high-current injection transformers based on EMC issues , 2009 .

[66]  Liye Xiao,et al.  Magnetic field analysis of HTS transformer windings with high currents , 2003 .

[67]  B. W. McConnell,et al.  HTS transformers , 2000 .

[68]  Ji-kwang Lee,et al.  AC Losses of Pancake Winding and Solenoidal Winding Made of YBCO Wire for Superconducting Transformers , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[69]  W. Enright,et al.  A 15-kVA High-Temperature Superconducting Partial-Core Transformer—Part II: Construction Details and Experimental Testing , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[70]  P. Bodger,et al.  A 15-kVA High-Temperature Superconducting Partial-Core Transformer—Part 1: Transformer Modeling , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[71]  Yang Liu,et al.  HTS Applied to Power System: Benefits and Potential Analysis for Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[72]  Song-Yop Hahn,et al.  Development of a three phase 100 kVA superconducting power transformer with amorphous cores , 1999, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[73]  Hossein Heydari,et al.  Multicriteria Optimal Winding Scheme in HTS Transformers by Analytical Hierarchy Process , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[74]  M. Noe,et al.  Test Results of 60 kVA Current Limiting Transformer With Full Recovery Under Load , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[75]  C. Beduz,et al.  The effect of flux diverters on AC losses of a 10 kVA high temperature superconducting demonstrator transformer , 2001 .

[76]  H. Heydari,et al.  Hysteresis Loss Improvement in HTS Transformers Using Hybrid Winding Schemes , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[77]  Yeon Suk Choi,et al.  Cryogenic cooling temperature of HTS transformers for compactness and efficiency , 2003 .

[78]  S. Kim,et al.  Analysis of perpendicular magnetic fields on a 1 MVA HTS transformer windings with flux diverters , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[79]  V. S. Vysotsky,et al.  Development and Test Results of HTS Windings for Superconducting Transformer With 1 MVA Rated Power , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[80]  J. Han,et al.  Design of the Cryogenic System for 100 MVA HTS Transformer , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[81]  Kyeongdal Choi,et al.  Conceptual Design of a 5 MVA Single Phase High Temperature Superconducting Transformer , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[82]  Shin-Der Chen,et al.  Transformer design with consideration of restrained inrush current , 2006 .

[83]  Woo-Seok Kim,et al.  Characteristic tests of a 1 MVA single phase HTS transformer with concentrically arranged windings , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[84]  Kyeongdal Choi,et al.  Design of 154 kV class 100 MVA 3 phase HTS transformer on a common magnetic core , 2007 .