GOLD NANOPARTICLES IN CANCER IMAGING AND THERAPEUTICS

The use of nanomedicine in the war on cancer diseases has progressed significantly in the recent past. Liposomal- and albumin-based chemotherapeutic agents as well as tumor contrast agents (e.g. Gd-DTPA, ferumoxides) have received FDA approval for human clinical use, while many other agents are in different phases of pre-clinical investigation and clinical trials. Plasmonic gold nanoparticles hold great promise as potential theranostic devices for detection and ablation of cancer diseases. This review discusses recent progress in the imaging, photothermal therapy, and nucleic acid/drug delivery using gold nanoparticles (spheres, shells, rods, cages) in vitro and in vivo. Issues relating to toxicity, biocompatibility, biodistribution, cellular uptake, and targeting efficiency are also discussed.

[1]  Chun Li,et al.  Exceptionally high payload of doxorubicin in hollow gold nanospheres for near-infrared light-triggered drug release. , 2010, ACS nano.

[2]  D. Beattie,et al.  Colloid stability of thymine-functionalized gold nanoparticles. , 2007, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[3]  G. Wiederrecht,et al.  Surface plasmon characteristics of tunable photoluminescence in single gold nanorods. , 2005, Physical review letters.

[4]  Xinmai Yang,et al.  Photoacoustic tomography of a rat cerebral cortex in vivo with au nanocages as an optical contrast agent. , 2007, Nano letters.

[5]  Boris Khlebtsov,et al.  Contrasting properties of gold nanoshells and titanium dioxide nanoparticles for optical coherence tomography imaging of skin: Monte Carlo simulations and in vivo study. , 2009, Journal of biomedical optics.

[6]  Kaushal Rege,et al.  High-throughput templated multisegment synthesis of gold nanowires and nanorods , 2009, Nanotechnology.

[7]  Pai-Chi Li,et al.  In vivo photoacoustic molecular imaging with simultaneous multiple selective targeting using antibody-conjugated gold nanorods , 2008 .

[8]  Michael J Sailor,et al.  SERS‐Coded Gold Nanorods as a Multifunctional Platform for Densely Multiplexed Near‐Infrared Imaging and Photothermal Heating , 2009, Advanced materials.

[9]  Stanislav Emelianov,et al.  Multiwavelength photoacoustic imaging and plasmon resonance coupling of gold nanoparticles for selective detection of cancer. , 2009, Nano letters.

[10]  Dong Liang,et al.  Influence of anchoring ligands and particle size on the colloidal stability and in vivo biodistribution of polyethylene glycol-coated gold nanoparticles in tumor-xenografted mice. , 2009, Biomaterials.

[11]  P. Chou,et al.  Thiol-Functionalized Gold Nanodots: Two-Photon Absorption Property and Imaging In Vitro , 2009 .

[12]  M. El-Sayed,et al.  Laser photothermal melting and fragmentation of gold nanorods: Energy and laser pulse-width dependence , 1999 .

[13]  Erik C. Dreaden,et al.  Gold nanorod assisted near-infrared plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPTT) of squamous cell carcinoma in mice. , 2008, Cancer letters.

[14]  Takuro Niidome,et al.  PEG-modified gold nanorods with a stealth character for in vivo applications. , 2006, Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society.

[15]  Shen,et al.  Photoinduced luminescence from the noble metals and its enhancement on roughened surfaces. , 1986, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[16]  Wei Qian,et al.  Cancer cells assemble and align gold nanorods conjugated to antibodies to produce highly enhanced, sharp, and polarized surface Raman spectra: a potential cancer diagnostic marker. , 2007, Nano letters.

[17]  Younan Xia,et al.  Template-Engaged Replacement Reaction: A One-Step Approach to the Large-Scale Synthesis of Metal Nanostructures with Hollow Interiors , 2002 .

[18]  Manuela Semmler-Behnke,et al.  Biodistribution of PEG-modified gold nanoparticles following intratracheal instillation and intravenous injection. , 2010, Biomaterials.

[19]  James R Baker,et al.  Dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles as a platform for cancer-cell targeting and imaging. , 2007, Small.

[20]  Adela C. Bonoiu,et al.  Nanotechnology approach for drug addiction therapy: Gene silencing using delivery of gold nanorod-siRNA nanoplex in dopaminergic neurons , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[21]  Michael J Sailor,et al.  Cooperative Nanoparticles for Tumor Detection and Photothermally Triggered Drug Delivery , 2009, Advanced materials.

[22]  Younan Xia,et al.  Gold nanostructures: engineering their plasmonic properties for biomedical applications. , 2006, Chemical Society reviews.

[23]  Meng-Tsan Tsai,et al.  Au nanorings for enhancing absorption and backscattering monitored with optical coherence tomography , 2010, Nanotechnology.

[24]  Ji-Xin Cheng,et al.  Controlling the cellular uptake of gold nanorods. , 2007, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[25]  V. Zharov,et al.  Golden carbon nanotubes as multimodal photoacoustic and photothermal high-contrast molecular agents. , 2009, Nature nanotechnology.

[26]  Naomi J. Halas,et al.  Nanoengineering of optical resonances , 1998 .

[27]  Manojit Pramanik,et al.  Near infrared photoacoustic detection of sentinel lymph nodes with gold nanobeacons. , 2010, Biomaterials.

[28]  F J García de Abajo,et al.  Optical properties of gold nanorings. , 2003, Physical review letters.

[29]  F. Porta,et al.  Gold-ligand interaction studies of water-soluble aminoalcohol capped gold nanoparticles by NMR. , 2008, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[30]  Alexander M. Klibanov,et al.  Conjugation to gold nanoparticles enhances polyethylenimine's transfer of plasmid DNA into mammalian cells , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[31]  Wei Lu,et al.  Photoacoustic imaging of living mouse brain vasculature using hollow gold nanospheres. , 2010, Biomaterials.

[32]  Srivalleesha Mallidi,et al.  Utility of biodegradable plasmonic nanoclusters in photoacoustic imaging. , 2010, Optics letters.

[33]  S. L. Westcott,et al.  Infrared extinction properties of gold nanoshells , 1999 .

[34]  Michael J Sailor,et al.  Computationally guided photothermal tumor therapy using long-circulating gold nanorod antennas. , 2009, Cancer research.

[35]  M. El-Sayed,et al.  Spectral Properties and Relaxation Dynamics of Surface Plasmon Electronic Oscillations in Gold and Silver Nanodots and Nanorods , 1999 .

[36]  J F Hainfeld,et al.  Gold nanoparticles: a new X-ray contrast agent. , 2006, The British journal of radiology.

[37]  Sung-Wook Choi,et al.  Surface Modification of Functional Nanoparticles for Controlled Drug Delivery , 2003 .

[38]  A. Fercher,et al.  Optical coherence tomography - principles and applications , 2003 .

[39]  Zhongping Chen,et al.  Enhanced detection of early-stage oral cancer in vivo by optical coherence tomography using multimodal delivery of gold nanoparticles. , 2009, Journal of biomedical optics.

[40]  Leon Hirsch,et al.  Nanoshell-Enabled Photonics-Based Imaging and Therapy of Cancer , 2004, Technology in cancer research & treatment.

[41]  J. West,et al.  Immunotargeted nanoshells for integrated cancer imaging and therapy. , 2005, Nano letters.

[42]  Malini Olivo,et al.  Control of optical contrast using gold nanoshells for optical coherence tomography imaging of mouse xenograft tumor model in vivo. , 2009, Journal of biomedical optics.

[43]  Qizhi Zhang,et al.  Gold nanoparticles as a contrast agent for in vivo tumor imaging with photoacoustic tomography , 2009, Nanotechnology.

[44]  S. Armes,et al.  Facile synthesis of highly biocompatible poly(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine)-coated gold nanoparticles in aqueous solution. , 2006, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[45]  Xunbin Wei,et al.  Selective cell targeting with light-absorbing microparticles and nanoparticles. , 2003, Biophysical journal.

[46]  Vincent M Rotello,et al.  Tunable reactivation of nanoparticle-inhibited beta-galactosidase by glutathione at intracellular concentrations. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[47]  Vincent M Rotello,et al.  Photoregulated release of caged anticancer drugs from gold nanoparticles. , 2009, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[48]  Sutapa Barua,et al.  Simultaneous enhancement of photothermal stability and gene delivery efficacy of gold nanorods using polyelectrolytes. , 2009, ACS nano.

[49]  R. Stafford,et al.  Nanoshell-mediated near-infrared thermal therapy of tumors under magnetic resonance guidance , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[50]  Charles R. Martin,et al.  Nanomaterials: A Membrane-Based Synthetic Approach , 1994, Science.

[51]  Younan Xia,et al.  Near-infrared gold nanocages as a new class of tracers for photoacoustic sentinel lymph node mapping on a rat model. , 2009, Nano letters.

[52]  K. Rege,et al.  Synergistic administration of photothermal therapy and chemotherapy to cancer cells using polypeptide-based degradable plasmonic matrices. , 2011, Nanomedicine.

[53]  Junbai Li,et al.  Smart core/shell nanocomposites: intelligent polymers modified gold nanoparticles. , 2009, Advances in colloid and interface science.

[54]  H. Maeda,et al.  Tumor vascular permeability and the EPR effect in macromolecular therapeutics: a review. , 2000, Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society.

[55]  Vincent M Rotello,et al.  Gold nanoparticle-mediated transfection of mammalian cells. , 2002, Bioconjugate chemistry.

[56]  Feng Gao,et al.  In vivo molecular photoacoustic tomography of melanomas targeted by bioconjugated gold nanocages. , 2010, ACS nano.

[57]  Robia G. Pautler,et al.  Tracking of multimodal therapeutic nanocomplexes targeting breast cancer in vivo. , 2010, Nano letters.

[58]  P. Lu,et al.  Polymer-enhanced adenoviral transduction of CAR-negative bladder cancer cells. , 2009, Molecular pharmaceutics.

[59]  Cheng-Dah Chen,et al.  The Shape Transition of Gold Nanorods , 1999 .

[60]  K. Sokolov,et al.  Two-photon luminescence imaging of cancer cells using molecularly targeted gold nanorods. , 2007, Nano letters.

[61]  K. Leong,et al.  Multifunctional nanorods for gene delivery , 2003, Nature materials.

[62]  James R. Heath,et al.  Synthesis and Characterization of Hydrophobic, Organically-Soluble Gold Nanocrystals Functionalized with Primary Amines , 1996 .

[63]  Joseph M. McLellan,et al.  Facile synthesis of gold-silver nanocages with controllable pores on the surface. , 2006, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[64]  Kelly L. Gill-Sharp,et al.  In Vivo Detection of Gold Nanoshells in Tumors Using Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy , 2007, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics.

[65]  S. Gambhir,et al.  Noninvasive molecular imaging of small living subjects using Raman spectroscopy , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[66]  Raoul Kopelman,et al.  Targeted gold nanoparticles enable molecular CT imaging of cancer. , 2008, Nano letters.

[67]  H. Kim,et al.  Spectroscopic identification of S-Au interaction in cysteine capped gold nanoparticles. , 2006, Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy.

[68]  M. Sastry,et al.  Chitosan Reduced Gold Nanoparticles as Novel Carriers for Transmucosal Delivery of Insulin , 2007, Pharmaceutical Research.

[69]  Naomi J. Halas,et al.  Surface enhanced Raman scattering in the near infrared using metal nanoshell substrates , 1999 .

[70]  Lihong V. Wang,et al.  Photoacoustic tomography of a nanoshell contrast agent in the in vivo rat brain , 2004 .

[71]  Yi-Cheng Chen,et al.  DNA-gold nanorod conjugates for remote control of localized gene expression by near infrared irradiation. , 2006, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[72]  R. Weissleder.  A clearer vision for in vivo imaging , 2001, Nature Biotechnology.

[73]  Mostafa A. El-Sayed,et al.  Evidence for Bilayer Assembly of Cationic Surfactants on the Surface of Gold Nanorods , 2001 .

[74]  Geng Ku,et al.  Deeply penetrating photoacoustic tomography in biological tissues enhanced with an optical contrast agent. , 2005, Optics letters.

[75]  Duncan Graham,et al.  Gold Nanoparticles for the Improved Anticancer Drug Delivery of the Active Component of Oxaliplatin , 2010, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[76]  Younan Xia,et al.  Gold nanocages: synthesis, properties, and applications. , 2008, Accounts of chemical research.

[77]  Chao-Liang Wu,et al.  Methotrexate conjugated to gold nanoparticles inhibits tumor growth in a syngeneic lung tumor model. , 2007, Molecular pharmaceutics.

[78]  Richard M Crooks,et al.  Synthesis, characterization, and applications of dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticles. , 2005, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[79]  Jun Li,et al.  Delivery and efficacy of a cancer drug as a function of the bond to the gold nanoparticle surface. , 2010, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[80]  Jennifer Stanfield,et al.  Selective prostate cancer thermal ablation with laser activated gold nanoshells. , 2008, The Journal of urology.

[81]  R. Crooks,et al.  Monolayers of thiol-terminated dendrimers on the surface of planar and colloidal gold , 1999 .

[82]  R Jason Stafford,et al.  Feasibility study of particle-assisted laser ablation of brain tumors in orthotopic canine model. , 2009, Cancer research.

[83]  A. Dunn,et al.  Intra‐organ biodistribution of gold nanoparticles using intrinsic two‐photon‐induced photoluminescence , 2010, Lasers in surgery and medicine.

[84]  Matthew Tirrell,et al.  Laser-Activated Gene Silencing via Gold Nanoshell-siRNA Conjugates. , 2009, ACS nano.

[85]  M. Yaffe,et al.  Functional Imaging Using Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Response in Women with Locally Advanced Breast Cancer , 2010, Clinical Cancer Research.

[86]  Melissa C Skala,et al.  Multiphoton microscopy of endogenous fluorescence differentiates normal, precancerous, and cancerous squamous epithelial tissues. , 2005, Cancer research.

[87]  M. Carmell,et al.  Posttranscriptional Gene Silencing in Plants , 2006 .

[88]  D. Beattie,et al.  Functionalized gold nanoparticles: synthesis, structure and colloid stability. , 2009, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[89]  E. Ebbini,et al.  Nanotherapeutics for enhancing thermal therapy of cancer , 2007, International journal of hyperthermia : the official journal of European Society for Hyperthermic Oncology, North American Hyperthermia Group.

[90]  C. R. Chris Wang,et al.  Gold Nanorods: Electrochemical Synthesis and Optical Properties , 1997 .

[91]  Francis Vocanson,et al.  Gadolinium chelate coated gold nanoparticles as contrast agents for both X-ray computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. , 2008, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[92]  Srikanth Pilla,et al.  Gold nanoparticles with a monolayer of doxorubicin-conjugated amphiphilic block copolymer for tumor-targeted drug delivery. , 2009, Biomaterials.

[93]  J. West,et al.  Near-infrared resonant nanoshells for combined optical imaging and photothermal cancer therapy. , 2007, Nano letters.

[94]  A. Hohenau,et al.  Imaging surface plasmon of gold nanoparticle arrays by far-field Raman scattering. , 2005, Nano letters.

[95]  J. Hafner,et al.  LANTCET: elimination of solid tumor cells with photothermal bubbles generated around clusters of gold nanoparticles. , 2008, Nanomedicine.

[96]  Philip S Low,et al.  In vitro and in vivo two-photon luminescence imaging of single gold nanorods. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[97]  A. Campion,et al.  Surface-enhanced Raman scattering , 1998 .

[98]  Ragnar Olafsson,et al.  Real-time, contrast enhanced photoacoustic imaging of cancer in a mouse window chamber. , 2010, Optics express.

[99]  Catherine J. Murphy,et al.  Wet Chemical Synthesis of High Aspect Ratio Cylindrical Gold Nanorods , 2001 .

[100]  M. Amiji,et al.  Poly(ethylene glycol)-modified thiolated gelatin nanoparticles for glutathione-responsive intracellular DNA delivery. , 2007, Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine.

[101]  Marc D Feldman,et al.  Small multifunctional nanoclusters (nanoroses) for targeted cellular imaging and therapy. , 2009, ACS nano.

[102]  J. Hafner,et al.  Tunable plasmonic nanobubbles for cell theranostics , 2010, Nanotechnology.

[103]  Dar-Bin Shieh,et al.  Nanoshell Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents , 2007, 2007 Digest of papers Microprocesses and Nanotechnology.

[104]  Latha A. Gearheart,et al.  Anisotropic Chemical Reactivity of Gold Spheroids and Nanorods , 2002 .

[105]  Kaushal Rege,et al.  Parallel synthesis and screening of polymers for nonviral gene delivery. , 2009, Molecular pharmaceutics.

[106]  M. Porter,et al.  Femtomolar detection of prostate-specific antigen: an immunoassay based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering and immunogold labels. , 2003, Analytical chemistry.

[107]  Glenn P. Goodrich,et al.  Photothermal therapy in a murine colon cancer model using near-infrared absorbing gold nanorods. , 2010, Journal of biomedical optics.

[108]  Xiaohua Huang,et al.  Cancer cell imaging and photothermal therapy in the near-infrared region by using gold nanorods. , 2006, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[109]  Sangjin Park,et al.  Antibiofouling polymer-coated gold nanoparticles as a contrast agent for in vivo X-ray computed tomography imaging. , 2007 .

[110]  Charles DiMarzio,et al.  Surface functionalization of gold nanoparticles using hetero-bifunctional poly(ethylene glycol) spacer for intracellular tracking and delivery , 2006, International journal of nanomedicine.

[111]  D. P. O'Neal,et al.  Photo-thermal tumor ablation in mice using near infrared-absorbing nanoparticles. , 2004, Cancer letters.

[112]  Younan Xia,et al.  Facile synthesis of Ag nanocubes and Au nanocages , 2007, Nature Protocols.

[113]  N. Kotov,et al.  Multifunctional magnetoplasmonic nanoparticle assemblies for cancer therapy and diagnostics (theranostics). , 2010, Macromolecular rapid communications.

[114]  Thomas Kelly,et al.  In vivo magnetic enrichment and multiplex photoacoustic detection of circulating tumour cells. , 2009, Nature nanotechnology.

[115]  Chun Li,et al.  Bifunctional Gold Nanoshells with a Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide-Silica Core Suitable for Both MR Imaging and Photothermal Therapy. , 2007, The journal of physical chemistry. C, Nanomaterials and interfaces.

[116]  Xiaohua Huang,et al.  Selective laser photo-thermal therapy of epithelial carcinoma using anti-EGFR antibody conjugated gold nanoparticles. , 2006, Cancer letters.

[117]  J. Shumaker-Parry,et al.  One-step synthesis of phosphine-stabilized gold nanoparticles using the mild reducing agent 9-BBN. , 2009, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[118]  Chad A Mirkin,et al.  The bio-barcode assay for the detection of protein and nucleic acid targets using DTT-induced ligand exchange , 2006, Nature Protocols.

[119]  Xiaohua Huang,et al.  Surface plasmon resonance scattering and absorption of anti-EGFR antibody conjugated gold nanoparticles in cancer diagnostics: applications in oral cancer. , 2005, Nano letters.

[120]  Zhongping Chen,et al.  Combined multimodal optical imaging and targeted gene silencing using stimuli-transforming nanotheragnostics. , 2010, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[121]  Hui Zhang,et al.  Immuno gold nanocages with tailored optical properties for targeted photothermal destruction of cancer cells. , 2007, Nano letters.

[122]  J. Fujimoto,et al.  Optical Coherence Tomography , 1991 .

[123]  J. Hillier,et al.  A study of the nucleation and growth processes in the synthesis of colloidal gold , 1951 .

[124]  John C. Bischof,et al.  Enhancement of tumor thermal therapy using gold nanoparticle–assisted tumor necrosis factor-α delivery , 2006, Molecular Cancer Therapeutics.

[125]  Naomi J Halas,et al.  Immunonanoshells for targeted photothermal ablation of tumor cells , 2006, International journal of nanomedicine.

[126]  Kyung-Jin Jang,et al.  Detection of proteins using a colorimetric bio-barcode assay , 2007, Nature Protocols.

[127]  Ekaterina I. Galanzha,et al.  Nanotechnology‐based molecular photoacoustic and photothermal flow cytometry platform for in‐vivo detection and killing of circulating cancer stem cells , 2009, Journal of biophotonics.

[128]  Jin-Zhi Du,et al.  Gold nanoparticles capped with polyethyleneimine for enhanced siRNA delivery. , 2010, Small.

[129]  M. El-Sayed,et al.  Some interesting properties of metals confined in time and nanometer space of different shapes. , 2001, Accounts of chemical research.

[130]  M Yu Kirillin,et al.  Contrasting properties of gold nanoparticles for optical coherence tomography: phantom, in vivo studies and Monte Carlo simulation , 2008, Physics in medicine and biology.

[131]  Hongwei Liao and,et al.  Gold Nanorod Bioconjugates , 2005 .

[132]  Jennifer L. West,et al.  Immunonanoshells for targeted photothermal ablation in medulloblastoma and glioma: an in vitro evaluation using human cell lines , 2007, Journal of Neuro-Oncology.

[133]  Melissa C Skala,et al.  Photothermal optical coherence tomography of epidermal growth factor receptor in live cells using immunotargeted gold nanospheres. , 2008, Nano letters.

[134]  Probal Banerjee,et al.  Smart Core—Shell Hybrid Nanogels with Ag Nanoparticle Core for Cancer Cell Imaging and Gel Shell for pH-Regulated Drug Delivery , 2010 .

[135]  C. Murphy,et al.  Polyelectrolyte-Coated Gold Nanorods: Synthesis, Characterization and Immobilization , 2005 .

[136]  J. Samitier,et al.  Conjugation of Kahalalide F with gold nanoparticles to enhance in vitro antitumoral activity. , 2009, Bioconjugate chemistry.

[137]  Lihong V. Wang,et al.  Noninvasive laser-induced photoacoustic tomography for structural and functional in vivo imaging of the brain , 2003, Nature Biotechnology.

[138]  K. Hamad-Schifferli,et al.  Selective release of multiple DNA oligonucleotides from gold nanorods. , 2009, ACS nano.

[139]  Mostafa A. El-Sayed,et al.  Preparation and Growth Mechanism of Gold Nanorods (NRs) Using Seed-Mediated Growth Method , 2003 .

[140]  Jennifer J. Gibson,et al.  Electromagnetic breast imaging: results of a pilot study in women with abnormal mammograms. , 2007, Radiology.

[141]  Takuro Niidome,et al.  Surface modification of gold nanorods using layer-by-layer technique for cellular uptake , 2008 .

[142]  Vincent M Rotello,et al.  Light-regulated release of DNA and its delivery to nuclei by means of photolabile gold nanoparticles. , 2006, Angewandte Chemie.

[143]  Erik C. Dreaden,et al.  Tamoxifen-poly(ethylene glycol)-thiol gold nanoparticle conjugates: enhanced potency and selective delivery for breast cancer treatment. , 2009, Bioconjugate chemistry.

[144]  S. Reed,et al.  Improved Synthesis of Small (dCORE ≈ 1.5 nm) Phosphine-Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles , 2000 .

[145]  Wei Lu,et al.  In vitro and in vivo targeting of hollow gold nanoshells directed at epidermal growth factor receptor for photothermal ablation therapy , 2008, Molecular Cancer Therapeutics.

[146]  Wei Lu,et al.  Tumor Site–Specific Silencing ofNF-κB p65by Targeted Hollow Gold Nanosphere–Mediated Photothermal Transfection , 2010, Cancer Research.

[147]  Catherine J. Murphy,et al.  Seed‐Mediated Growth Approach for Shape‐Controlled Synthesis of Spheroidal and Rod‐like Gold Nanoparticles Using a Surfactant Template , 2001 .

[148]  Masakazu Sugiyama,et al.  Laser-induced shape transformation of gold nanoparticles below the melting point: the effect of surface melting. , 2005, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[149]  V. Rotello,et al.  Controlled Assembly of Protein–Nanoparticle Composites through Protein Surface Recognition , 2005 .

[150]  Takeshi Mori,et al.  Poly(ethylene glycol)-Modified Gold Nanorods as a Photothermal Nanodevice for Hyperthermia , 2009, Journal of biomaterials science. Polymer edition.

[151]  Thomas Kelly,et al.  Synergistic enhancement of selective nanophotothermolysis with gold nanoclusters: Potential for cancer therapy , 2005, Lasers in surgery and medicine.