A Review of Positive Electrode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

The lithium-ion battery generates a voltage of more than 3.5 V by a combination of a cathode material and carbonaceous anode material, in which the lithium ion reversibly inserts and extracts. Such electrochemical reaction proceeds at a potential of 4 V vs. Li/Li + electrode for cathode and ca. 0 V for anode. Since the energy of a battery depends on the product of its voltage and its capacity, a battery with a higher energy density is obtained for a material with a higher voltage and a higher capacity. Therefore, when the same anode material is used, the higher the cathode potential and the larger the capacity of the cathode material, the higher the energy of the battery. The cathode and anode were packed into a vessel with constant dimensions, so the capacity for unit volume is more important than for weight. The volumetricspecific capacity of LiCoO 2 is 808 mAh/cm 3 , which is high enough to be used as a cathode material. Nickel-based cathode materials deliver higher capacity of 870– 970 mAh/cm 3 . Safety problems for this material are overcome by the simultaneous doping of cobalt and aluminum. SAFT Co. has adopted LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 supplied by Toda Kogyo Co. (formerly Fuji Chemical Industry Co.) as a cathode material in the lithium-ion battery for an electric vehicle (EV) application. An analogous compound is used in Japan. A press release announced that the capacity of it is 20% higher than that of LiCoO 2 and it is safer than LiCoO 2 in terms of overcharge problems. Further, nickel-based cathode materials are used for the battery in Toyota’s car, without idling. Manganese spinel cathode materials, although inferior to layered compounds, are cheap and rich in resources. Therefore, it is suitable as a cathode material in large-scale use of lithium-ion batteries. This spinel compound has been used for cellular phones produced by NEC Co. and for EV and hybrid EV produced by Nissan Co. Ltd. However, its share in the market of cathode material is relatively

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