Cigarette smoking as a dependence process.

ed from Turner, J.A.M.; Sillett, R.W.; and McNichol, M.W. Effect of carboxyhaemoglobin and plasma nicotine concentrations in primary pipe and cigar smokers and ex-cigarette smokers. British Medical Journal, 2:1387-1387, 1977. ©1977, British Medical Jour- nal. Reproduced by permission. *Primary pipe and cigar smokers are those who have never been regu- lar cigarette smokers. Secondary pipe and cigar smokers are ex-cig- arette smokers who have switched to a pipe or cigars, which they then tend to inhale (Castleden and Cole, 1973; Cowie, Sillett and Ball, 1973).

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