Transfer-appropriate processing for implicit and explicit memory.

To examine how feature-specific pattern-analysing processes affect implicit and explicit memory test performance, words were displayed for study and testing in 2 visually distinct formats: upside down vs. normal for Experiment 1, upside down vs. backward for Experiement 2, and in Applesoft pudgy vs. shadow typeface for Experiment 3. Implicit and explicit memory were assessed with word identification and recognition tests, respectively.

[1]  Peter Graf,et al.  Reading and remembering: Conceptual and perceptual processing involved in reading rotated passages , 1984 .

[2]  G. Mandler.  Recognizing: The judgment of previous occurrence. , 1980 .

[3]  David J. Ostry,et al.  Time course of loss of information regarding pattern analyzing operations , 1974 .

[4]  F. Craik,et al.  Depth of processing and the retention of words , 1975 .

[5]  Paul A. Kolers,et al.  Memorial Consequences of Automatized Encoding. , 1975 .

[6]  M. Masson,et al.  Interactive processes in sentence comprehension and recognition , 1978, Cognitive Psychology.

[7]  P. Graf,et al.  Preschool period development of implicit and explicit remembering , 1989 .

[8]  S. Lewandowsky,et al.  Implicit Memory: Theoretical Issues , 1989 .

[9]  A P Shimamura,et al.  Priming across modalities and priming across category levels: extending the domain of preserved function in amnesia. , 1985, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[10]  Twila Tardif,et al.  Reading a week later: Perceptual and conceptual factors , 1989 .

[11]  R M Shiffrin,et al.  Episodic and lexical contributions to the repetition effect in word identification. , 1983, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[12]  Michael E. J. Masson,et al.  Identification of typographically transformed words: instance-based skill acquisition. , 1986 .

[13]  H L Roediger,et al.  Effects of varying modality, surface features, and retention interval on priming in word-fragment completion , 1987, Memory & cognition.

[14]  M. Masson.  Fluent reprocessing as an implicit expression of memory for experience. , 1989 .

[15]  John Morton,et al.  Cross Modality Facilitation in Tachistoscopic Word Recognition , 1983 .

[16]  H. Roediger,et al.  Altering retrieval demands reverses the picture superiority effect , 1987, Memory & cognition.

[17]  Henry L. Roediger,et al.  Retrieval modes produce dissociations in memory for surface information. , 1987 .

[18]  Don L. Scarborough,et al.  Frequency and Repetition Effects in Lexical Memory. , 1977 .

[19]  Peter Graf,et al.  The information that amnesic patients do not forget. , 1984 .

[20]  G. Mandler.  Memory: Conscious and Unconscious , 1989 .

[21]  Stephan Lewandowsky,et al.  Dissociations between implicit measures of retention , 1989 .

[22]  D. Schacter,et al.  Effects of elaborative processing on implicit and explicit memory for new associations. , 1986 .

[23]  H L Roediger,et al.  The properties of retrieval cues constrain the picture superiority effect , 1989, Memory & cognition.

[24]  L. Jacoby.  Remembering the data: analyzing interactive processes in reading , 1983 .

[25]  H. Kucera,et al.  Computational analysis of present-day American English , 1967 .

[26]  A Pollatsek,et al.  Covert Attention and Eye Movements during Reading , 1989, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[27]  P. A. Kolers,et al.  Graphemic analysis underlying literacy , 1980, Memory & cognition.

[28]  John D. Bransford,et al.  Levels of processing versus transfer appropriate processing , 1977 .

[29]  L. Jacoby,et al.  Specific Visual Transfer in Word Identification , 1987 .

[30]  D. Schacter.  Implicit memory: History and current status. , 1987 .

[31]  T. Blaxton.  Investigating dissociations among memory measures: Support for a transfer-appropriate processing framework. , 1989 .

[32]  B. Fischhoff,et al.  Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory , 1980 .

[33]  D. Schacter,et al.  Implicit and explicit memory for new associations in normal and amnesic subjects. , 1985, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[34]  F. Craik,et al.  Levels of Processing in Human Memory , 1979 .

[35]  Betty Ann Levy,et al.  Reprocessing text: Indirect measures of word and message level processes. , 1989 .

[36]  Daniel L. Schacter,et al.  Priming effects in word-fragment completion are independent of recognition memory. , 1982 .

[37]  T. Carr,et al.  Repetition and reading: Perceptual encoding mechanisms are very abstract but not very interactive. , 1989 .

[38]  G. Mandler,et al.  Activation makes words more accessible, but not necessarily more retrievable. , 1984 .

[39]  Peter Graf,et al.  The memorial consequences of generation and transformation , 1982 .

[40]  Robert A. Bjork,et al.  Measures of Memory , 1988 .

[41]  G Mandler,et al.  Simulating amnesic symptoms in normal subjects. , 1982, Science.

[42]  Ron Stephens,et al.  Memory : interdisciplinary approaches , 1989 .

[43]  S. Bentin,et al.  On the dependence and independence of implicit and explicit measures of memory , 1989 .

[44]  D L Schacter,et al.  Modality specificity of implicit memory for new associations. , 1989, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[45]  D. Schacter,et al.  Selective effects of interference on implicit and explicit memory for new associations. , 1987 .

[46]  D. Schacter,et al.  Unitization and grouping mediate dissociations in memory for new associations. , 1989 .

[47]  S. Jay Samuels,et al.  Toward a theory of automatic information processing in reading , 1974 .

[48]  J. Ceraso,et al.  Unit Formation in Perception and Memory , 1985 .

[49]  M. Watkins,et al.  Buildup of Proactive Inhibition as a Cue-Overload Effect. , 1975 .

[50]  M. Watkins,et al.  On the nature of word recall: evidence for linguistic specificity , 1983 .

[51]  D Milech,et al.  Common and modality-specific processes in the mental lexicon , 1983, Memory & cognition.